Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle
Core concepts
Nutrition questions test knowledge of the macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), their functions and sources. Know the Eatwell Guide principles: plenty of fruit and vegetables, starchy carbohydrates, some dairy or alternatives, some protein, and limited foods high in fat, sugar and salt. Understand energy balance - intake versus expenditure - and the role of dietary fibre, hydration and alcohol limits. Learn the difference between fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K, stored in the body) and water-soluble vitamins (B and C, excess excreted). Recognise malnutrition and dehydration risk, especially in older adults, and the use of screening tools such as MUST. Lifestyle factors include physical activity, smoking, alcohol and sleep.
Traps in questions
Do not confuse obesity (BMI 30 or above) with overweight (BMI 25–29.9). Remember that vitamin D is synthesised in skin with sunlight and is a common deficiency in northern latitudes. Questions may test glycaemic index versus glycaemic load. Beware of statements that a nutrient is 'bad' - all nutrients have a role; it is balance and quantity that matter.
Worked rule of thumb
For dietary assessment, use the 24-hour recall or a food diary, then compare against the Eatwell Guide and estimate energy balance. Example: a diet high in sugary drinks and low in vegetables increases risk of obesity and micronutrient deficiency.
Applying it
Nutrition advice must be tailored to culture, belief, medical condition and ability to prepare food.