VCE Filipino cheat sheet

Register (rehistro) is the variety of Filipino chosen to suit the setting, purpose and relationship; formal register uses complete sentences, polite markers such as po and opo, and avoids slang.

Pormal at impormal na wika: formal writing follows standard grammar and avoids contractions, while informal (kolokyal) speech permits shortened forms such as 'meron' for 'mayroon' and 'tsaka' for 'at saka'.

Panghalip na panao has three cases: nominative (ako, ka, siya), possessive (ko, mo, niya) and directional/oblique (sa akin, sa iyo, sa kanya); case choice is determined by grammatical role, not by politeness alone.

Pang-uri and pang-abay are distinguished by what they modify: pang-uri modifies a noun or pronoun (magandang bahay), pang-abay modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb (mabilis na tumakbo).

Pangatnig (conjunctions) signal relationships between clauses: at (addition), ngunit/datapwat (contrast), dahil/sapagkat (cause), kaya (result), upang (purpose).

Pang-angkop links a modifier to the word it modifies: na after a consonant-ending word, -ng attached to a vowel-ending word, and -g attached to a word ending in n.

The verb focus (pokus) system marks which participant is the subject: actor focus (um-, mag-, ma-) versus object focus (-in, i-, -an); the affix must match the highlighted participant.

Aspect (aspekto) in Filipino verbs is perfective, imperfective and contemplative rather than strictly past, present and future; nagsulat (completed), nagsusulat (ongoing), magsusulat (not yet begun).

Text types in Units 1 and 2 include personal narrative, descriptive essay, letter, announcement and informative report; each has a distinct structure and register requirement.

Analytical response structure: state the contention, present evidence drawn from the text, then explain how the evidence supports the contention; each paragraph advances one point.

When comparing two texts, organise by point of comparison rather than by text, so that similarities and differences are addressed directly against the same criterion.

Authorial intent is inferred from choices such as diction, imagery, repetition, tone and structure; a claim about intent must be tied to a specific textual feature.

Point of view in Filipino narrative may be first person (ako/siya as narrator), limited third person, or omniscient; the choice controls how much the reader knows and how sympathy is directed.

Cultural values commonly represented in Filipino texts include bayanihan, utang na loob, hiya, pakikisama, paggalang sa nakatatanda and pagpapahalaga sa pamilya; identify the value through action and dialogue, not assumption.

Context of production and reception matters: the period (Spanish, American, Japanese, postwar, contemporary), the author's region and language variety, and the intended audience shape meaning.

Filipino text types for analysis include tula (poem), maikling kuwento (short story), sanaysay (essay), dula (play), balita (news report) and blog; each carries genre conventions that can be confirmed or subverted.

Evaluation criteria for a text include cohesion, coherence, appropriateness of register to audience, accuracy of claims and effectiveness of persuasive techniques.

Quoting and referencing: short quotations are integrated into the sentence with quotation marks and page or line reference; long quotations are indented and the language of the quotation is not altered.