Azerbaijan Medical Residents Final Attestation flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

CURB-65

Community-acquired pneumonia severity score using confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65; scores of 0-1 suit outpatient care, 2 ward admission, and ≥3 intensive care consideration.

Nephrotic syndrome criteria

Proteinuria above 3.5 g per day, serum albumin below 30 g/L, edema, and hyperlipidemia; complications include thrombosis, infection, and hypercoagulability due to urinary loss of antithrombin.

Alvarado score

Clinical score for acute appendicitis using migratory pain, anorexia, nausea, right lower quadrant tenderness, rebound, fever, leukocytosis, and left shift; a total of 7 or more supports surgery.

Indirect inguinal hernia

Hernia passing through the deep inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels; it is the most common type and may descend into the scrotum through the inguinal canal.

Preeclampsia severe features

Blood pressure ≥160/110 mmHg, platelets <100,000, transaminases >2× normal, creatinine >1.1 mg/dL, pulmonary edema, or cerebral/visual symptoms in a pregnant patient after 20 weeks.

Postpartum hemorrhage causes

The four T's: tone (uterine atony, most common), trauma (lacerations, rupture), tissue (retained placenta), and thrombin (coagulopathy); atony is managed with massage, oxytocin, and tranexamic acid.

APGAR score components

Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration, each scored 0-2 at 1 and 5 minutes; scores of 0-3 indicate severe distress requiring immediate neonatal resuscitation.

Pediatric dehydration assessment

Mild dehydration is under 5% weight loss, moderate is 5-10%, and severe exceeds 10%; oral rehydration solution is used for mild-moderate cases and intravenous fluids for severe cases or shock.

Anaphylaxis first-line treatment

Intramuscular epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg of 1:1000 solution, maximum 0.5 mg, into the anterolateral thigh, repeated every 5-15 minutes; adjuncts include oxygen, fluids, antihistamines, and corticosteroids.

Sepsis initial bundle

Suspected infection with organ dysfunction; obtain cultures and lactate, give broad-spectrum antibiotics within one hour, and 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate ≥4 mmol/L.

Status epilepticus management

Give a benzodiazepine first; if seizures persist, use a second-line antiepileptic such as levetiracetam, valproate, or phenytoin; refractory cases need intubation and anesthetic agents.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity is the proportion of true positives detected; specificity is the proportion of true negatives correctly identified; both are properties of the test and do not depend on disease prevalence.

Hepatitis B serology

HBsAg indicates current infection, anti-HBs indicates immunity, anti-HBc IgM indicates acute infection, and HBeAg indicates high infectivity; this panel distinguishes acute, chronic, and resolved infection.

Herd immunity threshold

The proportion of a population that must be immune to interrupt transmission, calculated as 1 minus 1/R0; for measles with R0 of 12-18, the threshold is about 92-95%.

Lead time bias

Apparent survival gain caused by earlier diagnosis through screening rather than by delayed death; it inflates survival time without changing the time of death.

Informed consent elements

Disclosure of diagnosis, nature and purpose of the intervention, risks and benefits, alternatives, and consequences of refusal; consent must be voluntary and given by a competent patient.

Medical negligence elements

Four elements must be proven: duty of care, breach of the standard of care, causation, and damages; all four are required for a successful malpractice claim.

Drug half-life formula

Half-life equals 0.693 times volume of distribution divided by clearance; steady state is reached after about 4-5 half-lives, and a loading dose fills the volume of distribution.

CYP450 inhibitors

Drugs that inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes and raise levels of substrates; examples include macrolides, azole antifungals, and grapefruit, which can increase warfarin and statin toxicity.

Aminoglycoside toxicity

Aminoglycosides cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity; monitor trough levels and renal function, and prefer once-daily dosing to reduce toxicity while maintaining efficacy.

Tension pneumothorax signs

Visible pleural line with absent lung markings, mediastinal shift away from the affected side, hypotension, and distended neck veins; immediate decompression is required before imaging.

AST/ALT ratio

ALT is more liver-specific than AST; a ratio above 2 suggests alcoholic liver disease, while a ratio near 1 suggests viral hepatitis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Arterial blood gas interpretation

Assess pH first, then PaCO2 for the respiratory component, then bicarbonate for the metabolic component; compensation never fully corrects the primary acid-base disorder.

Shared decision-making

A collaborative process in which the clinician explains options, benefits, and risks, and the patient's values guide the choice; understanding is confirmed with teach-back.

Clinical audit cycle

A quality improvement method: define a standard, measure current practice, implement change, and re-measure to demonstrate improvement; it is distinct from research.

Diabetic ketoacidosis potassium rule

Correct fluids first; start insulin infusion after potassium is ≥3.3 mmol/L, target potassium 4-5 mmol/L, and add dextrose when glucose falls below about 11 mmol/L.

Damage-control surgery

A staged approach controlling hemorrhage and contamination, with temporary abdominal closure and correction of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy before planned reoperation.

Fetal heart rate decelerations

Late decelerations suggest uteroplacental insufficiency, variable decelerations suggest cord compression, and prolonged deceleration beyond 10 minutes is an obstetric emergency.

Kawasaki disease treatment

Fever ≥5 days plus 4 of 5 criteria; treat with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin to prevent coronary artery aneurysms, which are the main complication.

ARDS Berlin criteria

Onset within one week, bilateral opacities, not fully explained by heart failure, and PaO2/FiO2 ≤300 mmHg with positive end-expiratory pressure ≥5 cmH2O; use lung-protective ventilation.

Incidence versus prevalence

Incidence counts new cases per population at risk per time; prevalence counts all existing cases at a point in time; prevalence approximates incidence multiplied by duration.

Tertiary prevention

Measures that limit disability and support rehabilitation after disease has occurred; examples include cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction and physiotherapy after stroke.