Azerbaijan Medical Residents Final Attestation key terms

The numeric difference between systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure. A widened value can suggest increased stroke volume or arterial stiffness, while a narrowed value may indicate reduced cardiac output or significant blood loss.

The average arterial pressure across the cardiac cycle, approximated as diastolic pressure plus one third of pulse pressure. It reflects organ perfusion pressure and guides fluid and vasopressor decisions in unstable patients.

The calculated difference between measured serum cations and anions, used to classify metabolic acidosis. A raised gap suggests accumulation of unmeasured acids such as ketones, lactate, or toxins, guiding the diagnostic workup.

A primary acid-base disorder in which bicarbonate falls, lowering blood pH. Causes are grouped by anion gap and by whether the kidney appropriately excretes acid, which determines the diagnostic and treatment pathway.

A blood sample from an artery analyzed for pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate. It defines acid-base status and oxygenation, and is essential when respiratory failure or a mixed disorder is suspected.

The concentration of lactate in blood, rising when tissue oxygen delivery is inadequate or when metabolism is abnormal. Serial values help identify hypoperfusion and track response to resuscitation in critically ill patients.

Life-threatening circulatory failure caused by infection, defined by persistent hypotension requiring vasopressors and raised lactate despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Early antibiotics and source control are the cornerstones of management.

A dysregulated host response to infection that produces acute organ dysfunction. It is recognized by new organ dysfunction in a patient with suspected infection and requires prompt antimicrobial therapy and supportive care.

The ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure, normally below about 0.7 to 0.9. A rising ratio signals occult bleeding or hemodynamic deterioration before frank hypotension appears, especially in trauma.

A coordinated program that promotes appropriate antibiotic selection, dose, route, and duration. It aims to improve patient outcomes, reduce adverse effects and resistance, and lower unnecessary healthcare costs.

Treatment started before the causative organism is identified, based on the likely pathogen and local resistance patterns. It is later adjusted when culture and susceptibility results become available.

The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that visibly prevents growth of a bacterial isolate in the laboratory. It quantifies susceptibility and supports dosing decisions for serious infections.

The relationship between a drug's toxic dose and its effective dose. A narrow index means small dose changes can cause toxicity, so such drugs require careful dosing and often therapeutic drug monitoring.

Measurement of drug concentrations in blood to individualize dosing for agents with narrow therapeutic ranges or unpredictable kinetics. Timing relative to the last dose is critical for correct interpretation.

An initial larger dose given to reach therapeutic concentration quickly rather than waiting for steady state. It is often calculated from volume of distribution and is followed by maintenance dosing.

The apparent volume relating the amount of drug in the body to its plasma concentration. A large value indicates extensive tissue distribution, which influences loading dose and dialysis removal.

Blocking of cytochrome P450 metabolic enzymes by one drug, slowing elimination of another and raising its concentration. Classic examples cause dangerous toxicity when co-prescribed, so interactions must be checked.

A harmful or unintended response to a medicine used at normal doses. Reactions are classified by mechanism and predictability, and suspected serious events should be reported to pharmacovigilance systems.

Delivery of nutrients directly into the bloodstream when the gut cannot be used or is insufficient. It requires careful monitoring of electrolytes, glucose, liver function, and infection risk.

Provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract by tube or oral intake. It is preferred over parenteral feeding when the gut works because it preserves mucosal integrity and lowers infection risk.

A bundle of evidence-based perioperative measures that reduce surgical stress and speed recovery. Elements include early feeding, opioid-sparing analgesia, and early mobilization, shortening hospital stay.

An infection occurring at or near an incision within a defined postoperative period. Risk is reduced by proper skin preparation, timely prophylactic antibiotics, normothermia, and careful wound care.

A short course of antibiotics given before surgery to prevent wound infection. The agent is chosen for likely flora, given within the correct interval before incision, and usually stopped within 24 hours.

Failure of a surgical join between two hollow structures, allowing contents to escape. It presents with pain, fever, or peritonitis and often requires imaging, drainage, or reoperation.

Inflammation of the peritoneal lining, commonly from perforation or infection of an abdominal organ. Signs include rigidity, rebound tenderness, and fever, and surgical source control is often required.

Sudden severe abdominal pain with signs suggesting a surgical emergency. Evaluation prioritizes resuscitation, targeted imaging, and early surgical consultation to identify conditions needing operation.

A pregnancy disorder marked by new hypertension and proteinuria or organ dysfunction after 20 weeks. It can progress to seizures and maternal organ damage, so delivery timing is the definitive treatment.

The occurrence of generalized seizures in a patient with preeclampsia, without another cause. It is a maternal emergency treated with magnesium sulfate and prompt stabilization and delivery planning.

A severe pregnancy complication with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. It causes abdominal pain and malaise and may occur with only mildly raised blood pressure, requiring urgent obstetric care.

A drug used to prevent and treat eclamptic seizures and to protect the fetal brain in preterm delivery. Toxicity causes loss of reflexes and respiratory depression, so monitoring and an antidote are essential.

Excessive bleeding after childbirth, most often from uterine atony. Management follows a structured sequence of uterine massage, uterotonic drugs, and escalation to procedures or transfusion.

A systemic disorder causing widespread clotting activation with consumption of platelets and clotting factors. It produces both thrombosis and bleeding and is treated by managing the underlying cause.

Rapid replacement of a large blood volume, often using a balanced ratio of red cells, plasma, and platelets. It requires monitoring for hypothermia, hypocalcemia, and dilutional coagulopathy.

Yellow discoloration of skin from raised bilirubin in a newborn. Timing and severity distinguish physiological from pathological causes, and high levels risk brain injury if untreated.

Treatment using specific light to convert bilirubin in skin into forms that can be excreted. It reduces jaundice and is guided by bilirubin level, age, and risk factors for neurotoxicity.

Permanent brain damage caused by deposition of unconjugated bilirubin in the basal ganglia. It results from severe untreated neonatal jaundice and causes movement and hearing problems.

A rapid assessment of a newborn at one and five minutes after birth, scoring heart rate, breathing, tone, reflexes, and color. It documents condition and response to resuscitation, not long-term prognosis.

A structured sequence of steps to support a newborn who is not breathing effectively. It emphasizes warming, drying, airway positioning, and positive pressure ventilation, with chest compressions if needed.

Delivery of air or oxygen under pressure to move gas into the lungs when spontaneous breathing is inadequate. It is central to neonatal and adult resuscitation and requires close monitoring for complications.

Severe acute lung inflammation causing bilateral infiltrates and low oxygen levels without a cardiac explanation. Management focuses on treating the cause, protective ventilation, and avoiding fluid overload.

An illness that must be reported to public health authorities by law so that surveillance and control measures can be initiated. Timely reporting supports outbreak detection and contact tracing.

The number of new cases of a condition arising in a population per unit of person-time at risk. It measures how quickly new disease develops and is used to compare risk between groups.

The proportion of a population that has a condition at a given time, regardless of when it began. It reflects both incidence and duration and helps plan healthcare resources.

Identifying and following people who may have been exposed to an infectious case. It enables early testing, treatment, or quarantine to interrupt further transmission in the community.

A test applied to asymptomatic people to detect disease early. It should be accurate, acceptable, and followed by effective treatment; positive results usually require confirmatory testing.

A patient's voluntary agreement to a medical intervention after receiving adequate information about risks, benefits, and alternatives. It is a legal and ethical requirement and must be documented appropriately.

The duty to protect patient health information from unauthorized disclosure. Exceptions exist for legally mandated reporting and serious public health risks, and breaches may carry professional and legal consequences.

A structured review comparing current practice with agreed standards, followed by changes to improve care. It differs from research because it evaluates existing practice rather than testing new hypotheses.

A systematic approach using data and repeated small changes to raise the safety and effectiveness of care. It emphasizes measurable outcomes and team-based problem solving rather than individual blame.

A structured investigation of a serious adverse event that traces contributing system failures rather than blaming individuals. Findings are used to redesign processes and prevent recurrence.

The proportion of people with a disease who correctly test positive. A highly sensitive test rarely misses disease and is useful for ruling out a condition when the result is negative.

The proportion of people without a disease who correctly test negative. A highly specific test rarely produces false positives, so a positive result strongly suggests the condition is present.

The probability that a person with a positive test truly has the disease. It depends on disease prevalence as well as test accuracy, so it falls when the condition is rare.

Bedside imaging performed and interpreted by the treating clinician to answer focused clinical questions quickly. It guides procedures and resuscitation decisions but does not replace comprehensive imaging.