Azerbaijan Healthcare Certification flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

CURB-65

Pneumonia severity score: Confusion, Urea >7 mmol/L, Respiratory rate ≥30/min, Blood pressure <90/60, age ≥65. Score 0-1 outpatient, 2 ward, ≥3 ICU.

Alvarado score

Clinical appendicitis score from migration of pain, anorexia, nausea, tenderness, rebound, fever, leukocytosis, and left shift. Score ≥7 supports operative management.

Preeclampsia criteria

Blood pressure ≥140/90 after 20 weeks gestation plus proteinuria ≥300 mg/24 h or end-organ dysfunction. Delivery is the definitive treatment.

Neonatal jaundice thresholds

Pathologic if onset within 24 hours, bilirubin rise >5 mg/dL/day, total >15 mg/dL, or direct fraction >20%. Requires investigation and possible phototherapy.

Adult CPR ratio

Compression rate 100-120/min, depth 5-6 cm, compression-to-ventilation ratio 30:2, interruptions under 10 seconds. Defibrillate VF/pVT at 200 J biphasic.

Anaphylaxis epinephrine dose

Intramuscular epinephrine 0.3-0.5 mg of 1:1000 solution in mid-outer thigh, repeated every 5-15 minutes. Antihistamines and steroids are adjuncts, not first-line.

Sepsis hour-1 bundle

Measure lactate, obtain blood cultures before antibiotics, give broad-spectrum antibiotics within 1 hour, and 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate ≥4 mmol/L.

Naloxone dosing

0.4-2 mg IV/IM/IN for opioid overdose, repeated every 2-3 minutes. Titrate to respiratory rate above 12/min rather than full consciousness to avoid withdrawal.

Tension pneumothorax management

Clinical diagnosis requiring immediate needle decompression at the 2nd intercostal space midclavicular line or 5th intercostal anterior axillary line, followed by chest tube.

Incidence rate formula

New cases during a period divided by population at risk, multiplied by 100,000. Prevalence counts all existing cases divided by total population at the same time.

Herd immunity threshold

Calculated as 1 − 1/R0. Measles R0 12-18 requires ≥95% two-dose coverage; diphtheria R0 6-7 requires ≥85% coverage to interrupt transmission.

Cold chain range

Most vaccines stored at +2 to +8 °C. Freeze-sensitive vaccines such as hepatitis B, DTaP, and IPV must never be frozen. Vaccine vial monitors indicate heat exposure.

Rabies post-exposure schedule

Wash wound with soap and water 15 minutes, then rabies vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28. Add immunoglobulin for category III exposures.

Azerbaijan compulsory health insurance

Introduced by the Law on Medical Insurance (2016) and phased from 2020. Mandatory for all residents; the State Agency for Compulsory Health Insurance purchases services.

Informed consent elements

Must include diagnosis, proposed intervention, material risks, alternatives, and right to refuse. Emergency exception applies when the patient cannot consent and delay is harmful.

Medical secrecy exceptions

Disclosure permitted with patient consent, for statutory reporting of infectious disease or wounds, to prevent serious harm to third parties, or by court order.

Four ethical principles

Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Autonomy governs informed consent and refusal by competent adults; justice concerns fair distribution of resources.

Competence assessment

Patient understands information, appreciates consequences, reasons about options, and communicates a consistent choice. All four elements must be present for decision-making capacity.

Euthanasia legal status

Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are prohibited under Azerbaijani criminal law. Withholding futile treatment is permitted with appropriate documentation and family discussion.

Narrow therapeutic index drugs

Digoxin, warfarin, lithium, phenytoin, and aminoglycosides require therapeutic drug monitoring because small changes in plasma concentration cause toxicity or loss of efficacy.

CYP3A4 interactions

Inhibitors such as macrolides, azole antifungals, and grapefruit raise levels of statins and calcium channel blockers. Inducers such as rifampicin and carbamazepine lower them.

Cockcroft-Gault equation

Estimates creatinine clearance from age, weight, sex, and serum creatinine. Used to adjust doses of renally cleared drugs when CrCl falls below 60 mL/min.

Prescription validity periods

In Azerbaijan narcotic and psychotropic prescriptions are valid 5 days; most other prescription-only medicines are valid 30 days from issue.

WHO 5 moments

Hand hygiene before patient contact, before aseptic task, after body fluid exposure, after patient contact, and after touching surroundings. Alcohol rub 20-30 seconds.

Autoclave sterilization parameters

121 °C at 15 psi for 15-20 minutes or 134 °C for 3-4 minutes. Monitor weekly with Geobacillus stearothermophilus biological indicators.

Airborne isolation indications

Tuberculosis, measles, and varicella require airborne precautions with negative-pressure room and N95 respirator. Droplet precautions apply to influenza and pertussis.

Healthcare waste classes

Class A general, B infectious, C pathological, D pharmaceutical, E sharps. Waste is separated at the point of generation and never re-sorted.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity = TP/(TP+FN), the proportion of diseased patients correctly identified. Specificity = TN/(TN+FP), the proportion of healthy patients correctly excluded.

Number needed to treat

NNT = 1/absolute risk reduction, where ARR = control event rate − treatment event rate. Lower NNT indicates greater clinical benefit.

SBAR handover

Structured communication: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation. Used for clinical transfers and escalation to reduce omission of critical information.

SPIKES protocol

Breaking bad news: Setting, Perception, Invitation, Knowledge, Empathy, Strategy and summary. Ensures patient-centered delivery of serious information.

Anchoring bias

Premature fixation on an initial diagnosis despite conflicting evidence. Mitigated by deliberately generating alternatives and using diagnostic time-outs.