Tuzla Canton Secondary Matura flashcards

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Sedam padeža u BCS

Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian noun systems use seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative and instrumental. Prepositions and verbs govern which case a noun takes.

Perfective vs imperfective aspect

Perfective verbs present an action as completed or bounded, while imperfective verbs present it as ongoing, repeated or unbounded. Aspect pairs share meaning but differ in viewpoint, for example pisati/napisati.

Accusative singular endings

In the accusative singular, feminine nouns end in -u, masculine inanimate nouns match the nominative, and masculine animate nouns take genitive-like -a. This distinction marks objects and after prepositions.

Clitic ordering in BCS

Pronominal and auxiliary clitics follow a fixed order: auxiliary (sam, si, je) before dative then accusative/genitive. For example, 'Dao sam mu je' means 'I gave it to him'.

Ivo Andrić Nobel Prize

Ivo Andrić received the 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature. His novel 'Na Drini ćuprija' (The Bridge on the Drina) spans centuries of Bosnian history under Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian rule.

Hasanaginica ballad

Hasanaginica is a Bosnian oral ballad first published by Alberto Fortis in 1774. It narrates a Muslim noblewoman's separation, lament and death, and became influential in European Romanticism.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0, the solutions are x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / (2a). The discriminant b² - 4ac determines the number of real roots.

Vieta's formulas

For a quadratic ax² + bx + c = 0, the sum of roots equals -b/a and the product equals c/a. These relations let you find root combinations without solving.

Arithmetic sequence formulas

The nth term is aₙ = a₁ + (n - 1)d, where d is the common difference. The sum of the first n terms is Sₙ = n(a₁ + aₙ)/2.

Geometric sequence sum

The nth term is aₙ = a₁q^(n-1). For q ≠ 1, the sum of the first n terms is Sₙ = a₁(1 - qⁿ)/(1 - q).

Binomial theorem

Expands (a + b)ⁿ as the sum over k from 0 to n of C(n,k) a^(n-k) b^k. Binomial coefficients are read from Pascal's triangle or computed as n!/(k!(n-k)!).

Chain rule

The derivative of a composite function f(g(x)) is f'(g(x)) · g'(x). Differentiate the outer function at the inner value, then multiply by the inner derivative.

Present perfect use

Formed with have/has + past participle, it connects a past action to the present. Use it with for, since, just, already and yet, but not with finished time expressions like yesterday.

First conditional

Uses if + present simple in the condition and will + bare infinitive in the result. It expresses a real or likely future possibility, as in 'If it rains, we will stay.'

Passive voice formation

The passive is formed with the correct tense of be plus the past participle. The object becomes the subject, and the agent is omitted when unknown or unimportant.

Reported speech backshift

When the reporting verb is past, shift tenses one step back: present to past, will to would, can to could. Pronouns and time expressions also adjust to the new viewpoint.

Defining relative clause

Identifies which noun is meant and is not separated by commas. It may use that instead of which or who, and the object pronoun can be omitted.

German four cases

German marks nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. Definite articles change form by case, gender and number, for example der, den, dem, des in masculine singular.

German subordinate word order

In a subordinate clause introduced by weil, dass or ob, the finite verb moves to the end. Main clauses keep the finite verb in second position.

Russian six cases

Russian nouns, adjectives and pronouns inflect for nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional. Case endings depend on gender, number and declension class.

French passé composé

Formed with avoir or être plus a past participle. Most verbs use avoir; être is used with reflexive verbs and a small movement set, and the participle then agrees with the subject.

Italian passato prossimo

Uses avere or essere plus a past participle. With essere, the participle agrees with the subject in gender and number; many movement and reflexive verbs take essere.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Chloroplasts use chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

DNA base pairing

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine by two hydrogen bonds, and guanine pairs with cytosine by three. This complementary pairing enables semi-conservative replication and stable information storage.

Mole and molar mass

One mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles. The number of moles is n = m/M, where m is mass in grams and M is molar mass in grams per mole.

pH definition

pH = -log[H⁺], where [H⁺] is hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral and above 7 is basic at 25 °C.

Ohm's law and series

Ohm's law states V = IR. In series, resistances add: R = R₁ + R₂ + ...; the same current flows through each component while voltages add.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip. This event triggered the July Crisis and the outbreak of World War I.

Dayton Agreement

Initialled in Dayton, Ohio, in November 1995 and signed in Paris, it ended the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina by creating two entities and a complex power-sharing system.

Plate tectonic convergence

At convergent boundaries, plates move toward each other; denser oceanic lithosphere subducts, generating earthquakes, volcanic arcs and mountain belts such as the Andes.

Supply and demand equilibrium

Demand usually falls as price rises, while supply usually rises. Equilibrium is the price and quantity where the demand and supply curves intersect, with no tendency to change.

Separation of powers

Divides state authority among legislative, executive and judicial branches. Each branch has distinct functions and can check the others, reducing the risk of arbitrary rule.