BC-ADM flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

A1C diagnostic threshold

An A1C of 6.5% or higher, confirmed by a second abnormal result unless hyperglycemia is unequivocal, meets criteria for diabetes diagnosis.

Impaired fasting glucose range

Fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL defines prediabetes and identifies increased risk for progression to type 2 diabetes.

Estimated average glucose formula

eAG in mg/dL equals 28.7 times A1C minus 46.7, converting A1C percent into an average glucose value familiar to patients.

C-peptide interpretation

C-peptide reflects endogenous insulin secretion; low levels with positive islet autoantibodies support type 1 diabetes rather than type 2.

A1C limitations

Hemolysis, recent transfusion, pregnancy, iron deficiency, and hemoglobin variants shorten or lengthen red cell survival, making A1C unreliable for diagnosis or monitoring.

DSMES critical times

Diabetes self-management education is indicated at diagnosis, annually or when targets are unmet, when complications arise, and during life or care transitions.

ADCES7 self-care behaviors

Seven domains taught in diabetes education: healthy coping, healthy eating, being active, taking medication, monitoring, reducing risks, and problem solving.

Diabetes distress screening

Diabetes distress is emotional burden specific to diabetes, distinct from depression, and is assessed with tools such as PAID or the Diabetes Distress Scale.

Teach-back method

The clinician asks the patient to restate instructions in their own words, confirming comprehension and revealing gaps in health literacy or numeracy.

Metformin renal contraindication

Metformin should not be initiated when eGFR is below 45 mL/min/1.73 m² and should be discontinued when eGFR falls below 30.

SGLT2 inhibitor cardiorenal benefit

These agents reduce heart failure hospitalization and slow CKD progression; glucose-lowering effect wanes at low eGFR but cardiorenal benefit persists.

Basal insulin starting dose

A common starting dose is 10 units daily or 0.1 to 0.2 units per kg per day, titrated by about 2 units every 3 days.

Rule of 15 hypoglycemia

Treat hypoglycemia with 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate, recheck glucose in 15 minutes, and repeat until glucose is above 70 mg/dL.

Pioglitazone contraindication

Thiazolidinediones cause fluid retention and are contraindicated in symptomatic heart failure; they also increase fracture and bladder cancer risk.

GLP-1 receptor agonist effects

These agents lower glucose, produce substantial weight loss, slow gastric emptying, and reduce major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established ASCVD.

DPP-4 inhibitor caution

DPP-4 inhibitors are weight neutral but should not be combined with GLP-1 receptor agonists because both act on the incretin pathway.

Insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio

The grams of carbohydrate covered by one unit of rapid-acting insulin, often starting near 1 unit per 10 to 15 grams.

DPP diabetes prevention

Intensive lifestyle intervention targeting 7% weight loss and 150 minutes weekly activity reduced progression from prediabetes to diabetes by about 58%.

Physical activity recommendation

Adults with diabetes should accumulate at least 150 minutes weekly of moderate aerobic activity plus 2 to 3 resistance sessions weekly.

Breaking up sedentary time

Interrupting prolonged sitting every 30 minutes with brief light activity lowers postprandial glucose independently of structured exercise sessions.

CKD protein recommendation

For diabetes with chronic kidney disease, protein intake of 0.8 grams per kg body weight daily is recommended; higher intake is not beneficial.

Metabolic surgery threshold

Metabolic surgery is considered for adults with type 2 diabetes and BMI of 35 kg/m² or higher, regardless of glycemic control level.

Time in range target

For most adults, more than 70% of CGM readings should fall between 70 and 180 mg/dL, with less than 4% below range.

Level 2 hypoglycemia CGM

CGM time below 54 mg/dL should be less than 1%; this level represents clinically significant hypoglycemia requiring prompt treatment.

Glucose management indicator

GMI estimates laboratory A1C from mean CGM glucose and helps patients understand sensor data in familiar A1C terms.

Coefficient of variation

A CGM coefficient of variation of 36% or less indicates stable glucose variability; higher values suggest erratic glycemia.

Meter accuracy standard

ISO 15197 requires 95% of readings within 15 mg/dL at glucose below 100 mg/dL and within 15% at 100 mg/dL or higher.

Albuminuria screening

Annual urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and eGFR detect diabetic kidney disease; ACE inhibitors or ARBs are used when albuminuria and hypertension coexist.

Retinopathy screening timing

Screen at diagnosis for type 2 diabetes and within 5 years of diagnosis for type 1, then annually; pregnancy can accelerate retinopathy progression.

Monofilament foot testing

The 10-g monofilament assesses protective sensation; absence of sensation identifies risk for ulceration and indicates need for protective footwear.

Blood pressure target diabetes

A blood pressure goal below 130/80 mmHg is recommended for most adults with diabetes to reduce cardiovascular and renal risk.

DKA potassium management

Total body potassium is depleted in DKA even when serum potassium appears normal or high; replacement begins once potassium falls below 5.2 mEq/L.