BGB Sepoy Written cheat sheet

Modern Bengali prose order is subject–object–verb (কর্তা–কর্ম–ক্রিয়া); the verb closes the clause.

Bengali has three second-person forms by politeness: তুই (intimate), তুমি (familiar), আপনি (formal); verb endings change accordingly.

Vowels: 7 basic letters অ আ ই ঈ উ ঊ ঋ plus 4 compound signs এ ঐ ও ঔ; consonants number 39 in the standard বর্ণমালা.

Case markers attach as suffixes: -কে (accusative/dative), -এর/-র (genitive), -তে (locative), -রা/-এরা (plural animate subject).

Michael Madhusudan Dutt wrote the first Bengali epic মেঘনাদবধ কাব্য (1861) in blank verse (অমিত্রাক্ষর ছন্দ).

Rabindranath Tagore won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature for গীতাঞ্জলি (Song Offerings); বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় সংগীত is আমার সোনার বাংলা.

কাজী নজরুল ইসলাম is called বিদ্রোহী কবি; his poem বিদ্রোহী appeared in 1922 in the journal বিজলী.

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's বন্দে মাতরম্ appears in his novel আনন্দমঠ (1882); he also wrote the first Bengali novel দুর্গেশনন্দিনী (1865).

Jibanananda Das is associated with রূপসী বাংলা; his poem বনলতা সেন is a landmark of post-Tagore poetry.

Subject–verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; indefinite pronouns (everyone, each, neither) take singular verbs.

Tense sequence: after a past main verb, the subordinate clause shifts to past or past perfect (reported speech backshift rule).

Passive voice formula: object + form of be + past participle + (by agent); only transitive verbs passivize.

Conditional types: zero (present/present), first (present/will), second (past/would), third (past perfect/would have).

Articles: a/an before singular countable nouns (a before consonant sounds, an before vowel sounds); the for specific or unique reference.

Prepositions of time: in (months, years, seasons), on (days, dates), at (clock times, night, noon).

Commonly confused pairs: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); its (possessive) vs it's (it is); lie (recline) vs lay (place).

Punctuation rule: comma splices are errors; join independent clauses with a semicolon, a coordinating conjunction, or a period.

Percentage: part = (rate/100) × whole; successive change of a% then b% gives net change a + b + ab/100 percent.

Simple interest I = PRT/100; compound amount A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt).

Profit or loss percent is always computed on cost price: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100.

Average = sum of terms / number of terms; combined average weights each group mean by its size.

Speed–time–distance: distance = speed × time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18.

Work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days.

Ratios: if a:b = 2:3 and b:c = 4:5, then a:b:c = 8:12:15 after equating the common term.

Area formulas: triangle ½ × base × height; circle πr²; rectangle length × width; trapezium ½(a + b)h.

LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers (for positive integers).

Bangladesh independence was declared on 26 March 1971 and victory (বিজয় দিবস) is observed on 16 December 1971.

The 1971 Liberation War was fought in 11 sectors; the Instrument of Surrender was signed at Suhrawardy Udyan, Dhaka, on 16 December 1971.

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman delivered the 7 March 1971 speech at the Race Course (now Suhrawardy Udyan).

The United Nations was founded in 1945; its headquarters is in New York and it has 193 member states.

SAARC was founded in 1985 in Dhaka with its secretariat in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Bangladesh became a UN member in 1974 and joined the Commonwealth in 1972.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948.

The Geneva Conventions (1949) govern the laws of armed conflict and the protection of non-combatants and prisoners of war.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB.

RAM is volatile working memory; ROM is non-volatile and holds firmware such as the BIOS.

CPU components: arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and registers; clock speed is measured in GHz.

Operating systems manage hardware, files, and processes; examples include Windows, Linux, macOS, and Android.

IP addresses identify hosts on a network; IPv4 is 32-bit and IPv6 is 128-bit.

HTTP (port 80) and HTTPS (port 443) are web protocols; HTTPS adds TLS encryption.

Common file extensions: .docx (document), .xlsx (spreadsheet), .pptx (presentation), .pdf (portable document), .exe (executable).

A firewall filters network traffic by rules; antivirus software detects malicious code signatures and behaviour.

Shortcut keys: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print.

Bangladesh borders India on the west, north, and east, and Myanmar on the southeast; the south opens to the Bay of Bengal.

The Bangladesh–India land boundary is about 4,096 km, the longest border Bangladesh shares with any country.

The Bangladesh–Myanmar border is roughly 271 km, running through hilly terrain in Rangamati and Bandarban.

Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) traces its origin to the Ramgarh Local Battalion raised in 1795; it was renamed BGB in 2010.

Border pillars mark the boundary line; a missing or displaced pillar is a reportable incident requiring joint verification.

The 2015 India–Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement exchanged enclaves and simplified the boundary.

Smuggling, illegal crossing, and trafficking are core border crimes; apprehension procedures require documentation and chain of custody.

The Exclusive Economic Zone extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline; the territorial sea extends 12 nautical miles.

Bangladesh lies roughly between 20°34′ and 26°38′ N latitude and 88°01′ and 92°41′ E longitude.

The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) crosses Bangladesh, giving a tropical monsoon climate with three seasons.

The Padma, Meghna, and Jamuna are the main rivers; the combined Padma–Meghna estuary is the largest river mouth system in the region.

The Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest, spans Khulna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Mount Keokradong in Bandarban is among the highest peaks in Bangladesh; the highest is Saka Haphong (Mowdok Mual).

The Chittagong Hill Tracts occupy the southeast and are characterised by folded hills and narrow valleys.

Soil types include alluvial (plains), red-brown (hill tracts), and coastal saline soils in the south.

Monsoon rains arrive roughly June to September; cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal mainly in April–May and October–November.

National security covers territorial integrity, sovereignty, economic stability, and protection of citizens and critical infrastructure.

Militancy and violent extremism are countered through prevention, community engagement, and lawful investigation rather than only force.

Cyber threats include phishing, malware, ransomware, and social engineering; never share passwords or OTPs with unverified callers.

Critical infrastructure includes power grids, ports, bridges, telecom networks, and government data systems.

Espionage indicators include unusual questioning about unit locations, troop movements, and equipment, and unsolicited contact by strangers.

Reporting chain: suspicious activity is reported to the immediate supervisor and the unit intelligence officer without delay.

Information security principle: least privilege and need-to-know access limit the damage from a single compromised account.

Emergency response in Bangladesh uses 999 for police, fire, and ambulance; 333 is the national helpline for government services.

Disinformation spreads through unverified social media; verify from official sources before forwarding any security-related claim.