DPE Primary Teacher cheat sheet

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification), formal operational (11+, abstract reasoning).

Vygotsky's ZPD is the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance; scaffolding is temporary support within that gap.

Erikson's psychosocial stages pair each age with a crisis: trust vs mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs shame (1-3), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry vs inferiority (6-12).

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (obedience, self-interest), conventional (approval, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethics).

Maslow's hierarchy order: physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization; lower needs generally dominate until met.

Krashen's input hypothesis: acquisition occurs when input is slightly beyond current level (i+1) and affective filter is low.

Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus; operant conditioning shapes behavior through reinforcement and punishment schedules.

Growth follows cephalocaudal (head-to-tail) and proximodistal (center-to-limb) direction; development is cumulative and individually variable.

Teacher-centred methods: lecture, demonstration, drill; learner-centred methods: discussion, inquiry, project, role play, cooperative learning.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create; objectives should span lower and higher orders.

A well-formed instructional objective states behavior, condition, and criterion (e.g., 'solves 8 of 10 two-digit additions without regrouping').

Discovery and inquiry learning sequence: engage, explore, explain, elaborate, evaluate (5E model).

Cooperative learning requires positive interdependence, individual accountability, face-to-face interaction, social skills, and group processing.

Microteaching cycle: plan, teach a short lesson, receive feedback, re-plan, re-teach; it isolates specific teaching skills.

Questioning wait-time of about 3-5 seconds increases response length and participation; higher-order questions should outnumber recall questions over a unit.

Lesson plan components: objectives, materials, introduction, development, practice, assessment, closure, and home assignment.

Five essential reading components: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension.

Nepali is written in Devanagari script, left to right; it has 11 vowels (swar), 33 consonants (vyanjan), and two additional conjunct signs.

Phonological awareness is sound awareness without print; phonics maps sounds to letters; the two are distinct skills.

The four language skills develop in order of listening, speaking, reading, writing; receptive skills precede productive ones in early grades.

Formative writing feedback targets content first, then organization, then conventions; correcting every error suppresses fluency.

Sight-word and high-frequency word recognition supports fluency; fluency comprises accuracy, rate, and expression (prosody).

Comprehension strategies: predicting, questioning, visualizing, summarizing, inferring, monitoring understanding.

Bilingual learners transfer concepts and literacy skills across languages; the stronger language can support the weaker one.

Place value base-ten: each position is ten times the value of the position to its right; regrouping is exchanging ten ones for one ten.

Concrete-to-representational-to-abstract (CRA) sequence supports number concept development.

Addition and subtraction are inverse operations; multiplication is repeated addition and division is its inverse.

Fractions: a/b means a parts of b equal parts; equivalent fractions are formed by multiplying or dividing numerator and denominator by the same nonzero number.

Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(l + w); area = l × w; area of a triangle = ½ × base × height.

Mean = sum of values ÷ number of values; median is the middle value in ordered data; mode is the most frequent value.

A prime number has exactly two factors, 1 and itself; 1 is neither prime nor composite.

Word problems are solved by identifying given information, the question, the operation, then estimating to check reasonableness.

Scientific method sequence: observe, question, hypothesize, experiment, collect data, analyse, conclude, communicate.

Living things share characteristics: growth, respiration, reproduction, response to stimuli, excretion, nutrition, cellular organization.

Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen, occurring in chloroplasts.

Food groups: carbohydrates and fats supply energy; proteins build and repair; vitamins and minerals regulate; water and fibre aid function.

Communicable diseases spread by air, water, food, vectors, and contact; handwashing and safe water are primary prevention measures.

The three states of matter differ in particle arrangement and energy; changes of state are physical, not chemical, changes.

Force is a push or pull; friction opposes motion; simple machines (lever, pulley, inclined plane, wheel and axle, screw, wedge) trade force for distance.

Personal hygiene, balanced diet, exercise, immunization, and adequate sleep are core components of school health promotion.

Nepal has seven provinces and 77 districts; the federal capital is Kathmandu; local units are 753 (6 metropolitan, 11 sub-metropolitan, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities).

Nepal's major geographic belts: Terai (plain), Hill, and Mountain; climate varies with altitude from tropical to alpine.

The three tiers of government in Nepal are federal, provincial, and local, each with separate listed powers.

Map reading skills: title, legend/key, scale, compass direction, grid; scale converts map distance to ground distance.

Environmental components are biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving); ecosystems involve energy flow and nutrient cycling.

The three Rs of waste management are reduce, reuse, recycle; segregation at source is the first step.

Citizenship duties include obeying law, paying tax, voting, protecting public property, and conserving natural resources.

Cultural diversity is studied through language, religion, festival, dress, and food; tolerance and mutual respect are core civic values.

Assessment types: diagnostic (before), formative (during, for learning), summative (after, of learning).

Norm-referenced tests compare a learner to peers; criterion-referenced tests compare performance to a fixed standard.

Validity means a test measures what it claims; reliability means consistent results across occasions; a test can be reliable but invalid.

A table of specifications (test blueprint) matches item counts to objectives and cognitive levels before item writing.

Continuous assessment records classwork, projects, observation, and tests over time rather than a single terminal score.

Item analysis uses difficulty index (proportion correct) and discrimination index (high scorers vs low scorers).

Curriculum components: objectives, content, teaching-learning activities, instructional materials, and evaluation.

Feedback should be specific, timely, and goal-referenced; grades alone do not improve learning.

Preventive management: clear rules, routines, seating, and engaging tasks reduce most disruption before it starts.

Reinforcement of desired behavior is generally more effective and durable than punishment of undesired behavior.

Inclusive education places learners with disabilities and diverse needs in mainstream settings with adapted materials, methods, and assessment.

Differentiation can modify content, process, product, or learning environment based on readiness, interest, and profile.

Universal Design for Learning offers multiple means of representation, engagement, and expression.

A functional behavior assessment identifies antecedents, behavior, and consequences (ABC) to design support.

Referral pathway for special needs: observation, screening, parental consultation, specialist assessment, individualized plan, review.

Positive discipline preserves dignity; corporal punishment is legally prohibited in Nepal's schools.

School improvement planning cycle: situational analysis, goal setting, planning, implementation, monitoring, review.

School Management Committee (SMC) oversees school governance in Nepal; the head teacher leads academic and administrative functions.

Records a school must maintain: admission register, attendance, progress reports, staff records, stock and asset register, financial records.

Education budget sources include government grants, local government support, and community contributions; transparency requires audited accounts.

Teacher professional ethics: punctuality, impartiality, confidentiality of learner information, non-discrimination, and avoidance of conflict of interest.

Continuous professional development includes training, peer observation, action research, and reflection on practice.

Child rights frameworks guarantee free basic education, protection from harm, participation, and non-discrimination.

Supervision and monitoring should be supportive and developmental, not merely punitive inspection.

ICT integration levels: substitution, augmentation, modification, redefinition (SAMR); the first two enhance, the last two transform tasks.

Blended learning combines face-to-face instruction with online components; flipped learning delivers content at home and practice in class.

Digital citizenship covers internet safety, privacy, cyberbullying, digital footprint, copyright, and responsible use.

A learning management system (LMS) distributes content, collects assignments, and tracks learner progress.

Multimedia learning principle: combine words with relevant pictures, exclude extraneous material, and avoid reading on-screen text aloud verbatim.

Open educational resources are freely licensed materials that may be reused, revised, remixed, and redistributed.

ICT tools support drill and practice, simulation, collaboration, and assessment; the pedagogy, not the device, determines learning gains.

Data protection basics: strong passwords, restricted sharing of learner data, backups, and safe disposal of records.