HSC Bangladesh cheat sheet
HSC Bangladesh · Keep the key ideas within reach.
Bangla (Compulsory)
স্বরবর্ণ ১১টি (অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ) এবং ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ৩৯টি; মোট ৫০টি বর্ণ।
বাংলা বর্ণমালায় মাত্রা আছে এমন বর্ণ ৩২টি; মাত্রাহীন বর্ণ ৮টি; অর্ধমাত্রা আছে ১০টি বর্ণে।
সন্ধি তিন প্রকার: স্বরসন্ধি, ব্যঞ্জনসন্ধি ও বিসর্গসন্ধি। উদাহরণ: বিদ্যা + আলয় = বিদ্যালয় (স্বরসন্ধি)।
সমাস প্রধানত ছয় প্রকার: দ্বন্দ্ব, কর্মধারয়, তৎপুরুষ, বহুব্রীহি, দ্বিগু ও অব্যয়ীভাব।
কারক ও বিভক্তি আট প্রকার: কর্তৃ, কর্ম, করণ, সম্প্রদান, অপাদান, অধিকরণ, সম্বোধন ও নিমিত্ত।
বাক্যের তিনটি গুণ থাকা আবশ্যক: আকাঙ্ক্ষা, আসত্তি ও যোগ্যতা।
রস প্রধানত নয় প্রকার: শৃঙ্গার, হাস্য, করুণ, রৌদ্র, বীর, ভয়ানক, বীভৎস, অদ্ভুত ও শান্ত।
গুরুচণ্ডালী দোষ: তৎসম শব্দের সঙ্গে অর্ধতৎসম বা দেশি শব্দের প্রয়োগে অর্থবোধে বাধা সৃষ্টি হলে তাকে গুরুচণ্ডালী দোষ বলে।
English (Compulsory)
Parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection - 8 classes.
Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; 'each, every, everyone, nobody' take singular verbs.
Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds, 'the' for definite/specific nouns and superlatives.
Tense sequence: if main clause verb is past, subordinate clause verb is usually past; exceptions for universal truths.
Voice: active → passive requires object → subject, verb 'be + past participle', and 'by + agent' (optional).
Narration: direct → indirect changes pronouns (1st→subject, 2nd→object, 3rd→unchanged), tense (one step back), and time/place words.
Conditional sentences: 1st (if + present, will + V1), 2nd (if + past, would + V1), 3rd (if + past perfect, would have + V3).
Punctuation: comma for lists/clauses, semicolon between independent clauses, apostrophe for possession/contraction, quotation marks for direct speech.
Information and Communication Technology (Compulsory)
ICT-এর পূর্ণরূপ Information and Communication Technology; তথ্য প্রযুক্তির মাধ্যমে যোগাযোগ ও তথ্য আদান-প্রদান।
কম্পিউটারের প্রধান অংশ: ইনপুট ইউনিট, আউটপুট ইউনিট, মেমোরি ইউনিট, অ্যারিথমেটিক লজিক ইউনিট (ALU) ও কন্ট্রোল ইউনিট।
বাইনারি সংখ্যা পদ্ধতির ভিত্তি ২; বিট (bit) হলো তথ্যের ক্ষুদ্রতম একক; ৮ বিট = ১ বাইট।
লজিক গেট: AND, OR, NOT মৌলিক গেট; NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR যৌগিক গেট।
নেটওয়ার্ক টপোলজি: স্টার, রিং, বাস, মেশ, ট্রি - প্রতিটির সুবিধা-অসুবিধা আছে।
ই-মেইল ঠিকানার গঠন: username@domain; যেমন [email protected]।
ডেটাবেজে প্রাইমারি কী একটি রেকর্ডকে অদ্বিতীয়ভাবে শনাক্ত করে; ফরেন কী অন্য টেবিলের প্রাইমারি কী-কে নির্দেশ করে।
সাইবার অপরাধের উদাহরণ: হ্যাকিং, ফিশিং, স্প্যাম, পাইরেসি, সাইবার বুলিং; প্রতিরোধে শক্তিশালী পাসওয়ার্ড ও অ্যান্টিভাইরাস ব্যবহার।
Science Group Subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Higher Mathematics)
Physics: Newton's second law F = ma; weight W = mg; kinetic energy KE = ½mv²; potential energy PE = mgh.
Physics: Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R; resistors in series R = R₁+R₂, parallel 1/R = 1/R₁+1/R₂.
Chemistry: mole concept - 1 mole = 6.022×10²³ particles (Avogadro's number); molar mass in g/mol.
Chemistry: pH = −log[H⁺]; pH < 7 acidic, pH = 7 neutral, pH > 7 basic at 25 °C.
Biology: cell organelles - mitochondria (ATP production), ribosome (protein synthesis), chloroplast (photosynthesis), nucleus (genetic control).
Biology: photosynthesis equation 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (light and chlorophyll required).
Higher Mathematics: quadratic formula x = [−b ± √(b²−4ac)] / 2a; discriminant D = b²−4ac determines nature of roots.
Higher Mathematics: derivative rules - d/dx(xⁿ) = nxⁿ⁻¹, d/dx(sin x) = cos x, d/dx(eˣ) = eˣ; integration is the reverse process.
Humanities Group Subjects (History, Civics, Economics, Geography, Islamic Studies, etc.)
History: Bangladesh independence declared 26 March 1971; Victory Day 16 December 1971; Language Movement 21 February 1952.
Civics: state has four elements - population, territory, government, sovereignty; constitution is the supreme law.
Economics: law of demand - other things equal, quantity demanded falls as price rises (inverse relationship).
Economics: GDP = C + I + G + (X − M); inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level.
Geography: atmosphere layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere; ozone layer in stratosphere.
Geography: Bangladesh lies between 20°34′ and 26°38′ N latitude and 88°01′ and 92°41′ E longitude.
Islamic Studies: Five pillars of Islam - Shahadah, Salah, Sawm, Zakat, Hajj; Zakat rate 2.5% on qualifying wealth.
Islamic Studies: Quran has 114 surahs; first revelation in Cave of Hira; longest surah Al-Baqarah.
Business Studies Group Subjects (Accounting, Business Organization, Finance, Production Management)
Accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity; dual aspect concept underlies double-entry bookkeeping.
Accounting: debit increases assets/expenses, credit increases liabilities/equity/revenue; trial balance checks arithmetic accuracy.
Business Organization: forms - sole proprietorship, partnership, joint stock company, cooperative; liability differs by form.
Business Organization: company registration requires Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, and certificate of incorporation.
Finance: time value of money - future value FV = PV(1+r)ⁿ; present value PV = FV/(1+r)ⁿ.
Finance: working capital = current assets − current liabilities; higher ratio generally indicates better short-term liquidity.
Production Management: productivity = output / input; economies of scale reduce average cost as output rises.
Production Management: inventory models - EOQ balances ordering cost and holding cost; JIT minimizes stock.
Fourth Subject (Elective Outside Main Group)
Fourth subject marks are added to the total GPA calculation but the grade in the fourth subject cannot exceed the grade point average of other subjects for GPA purposes in some rules; verify current board rule.
Fourth subject must be chosen from a group different from the student's main group (e.g., a science student may take a humanities or business subject).
Common fourth subjects: Statistics, Agriculture, Higher Mathematics (if not main), Biology (if not main), Economics, Sociology, etc.
Fourth subject has both theoretical and practical components in many cases; practical marks usually 25 out of 100.
GPA calculation: total grade points divided by total subjects; fourth subject grade points are included in the denominator.
If a student fails in the fourth subject, it does not affect the main group GPA in the same way as compulsory subjects; check board guidelines.
Fourth subject choice should align with higher education plans and available school resources.
Examination pattern: creative questions (সৃজনশীল) plus MCQ, similar to main subjects.
Practical and Continuous Assessment Components
Practical marks distribution typically: laboratory work/experiment 15, viva voce 5, practical notebook 5 (total 25) for science subjects.
Continuous assessment includes class attendance, class performance, and terminal examinations.
For science practicals, students must maintain a practical notebook with aim, apparatus, procedure, observation, and result.
Viva voce tests understanding of the experiment, safety rules, and theoretical background.
In subjects like ICT, practical assessment may involve programming, database, or spreadsheet tasks.
Continuous assessment marks are awarded by the subject teacher based on periodic tests and classroom participation.
Practical exams are held at the student's own school or a designated center before the theoretical board exam.
Failure to attend practical exams can result in loss of marks and affect the final grade.