HSC Bangladesh study materials
HSC Bangladesh study resources

HSC Bangladesh key terms

HSC Bangladesh · Get comfortable with the vocabulary.

পদ্য (Podyo)

কবিতার আকারে লেখা সাহিত্যকর্ম, যেখানে ছন্দ, মাত্রা ও চরণের বিন্যাস থাকে এবং ভাব প্রকাশের প্রধান মাধ্যম হয়ে ওঠে।

Related: গদ্য (Godyo), রস (Rosh)
গদ্য (Godyo)

ছন্দ বা চরণবিন্যাস ছাড়া স্বাভাবিক বাক্যধারায় লেখা সাহিত্যরূপ, যা প্রবন্ধ, গল্প, উপন্যাস ও নাটকের মূল কাঠামো গড়ে তোলে।

Related: পদ্য (Podyo), প্রবন্ধ
রস (Rosh)

সাহিত্য পাঠে পাঠকের মনে যে আনন্দময় আবেগ জাগে, তাকে রস বলে; ভাব ও অনুভূতির পরিণত প্রকাশই এর ভিত্তি।

Related: পদ্য (Podyo), অলংকার
অলংকার

কাব্য বা গদ্যের ভাব ও ভাষাকে সুন্দর, আকর্ষণীয় ও অর্থবহ করে তোলার কৌশল, যেমন উপমা, রূপক ও অনুপ্রাস।

Related: রস (Rosh), উপমা
উপমা

দুটি ভিন্ন বস্তু বা বিষয়ের মধ্যে সাদৃশ্য দেখিয়ে 'যেন', 'মতো', 'সদৃশ' প্রভৃতি শব্দ দিয়ে যে তুলনা করা হয়।

Related: অলংকার, রূপক
রূপক

যেখানে উপমেয় ও উপমানের অভেদ কল্পনা করা হয়, অর্থাৎ এক বস্তুকে অপর বস্তু বলে সরাসরি আরোপ করা হয়, তা-ই রূপক অলংকার।

Related: উপমা, অলংকার
সন্ধি

দুটি বর্ণ বা শব্দ পাশাপাশি এলে নির্দিষ্ট নিয়মে মিলে যাওয়া বা একটি বর্ণ লোপ পাওয়ার প্রক্রিয়া, যেমন বিদ্যা + আলয় = বিদ্যালয়।

Related: সমাস, কারক
সমাস

অর্থসম্পর্কযুক্ত একাধিক পদের এক পদে পরিণত হওয়ার প্রক্রিয়া, যেখানে পূর্বপদের বিভক্তি লোপ পায় এবং নতুন যৌগিক পদ তৈরি হয়।

Related: সন্ধি, কারক
কারক

বাক্যের ক্রিয়ার সঙ্গে বিশেষ্যের যে সম্পর্ক থাকে, তাকে কারক বলে; কর্তা, কর্ম, করণ, সম্প্রদান, অপাদান ও অধিকরণ এই ছয় প্রকার।

Related: সমাস, বিভক্তি
বিভক্তি

শব্দের শেষে যুক্ত হয়ে বচন, লিঙ্গ বা কারক-সম্পর্ক প্রকাশ করে যে প্রত্যয়, তাকে বিভক্তি বলে; যেমন 'কে', 'রে', 'তে'।

Related: কারক, সমাস
Comprehension

The ability to read a passage and grasp its explicit meaning, implied ideas, tone and purpose, then answer questions accurately using evidence from the text.

Related: Paraphrase, Topic sentence
Paraphrase

Restating a passage's meaning in your own words while keeping the original sense and approximate length, without adding opinion or copying the source phrasing.

Related: Comprehension, Summary
Topic sentence

The sentence, usually first in a paragraph, that states the paragraph's central idea and controls what the remaining sentences will develop or support.

Related: Comprehension, Cohesion
Cohesion

The way sentences and paragraphs are linked through connectors, pronouns and repeated ideas so that a piece of writing reads as one smooth whole.

Related: Topic sentence, Paraphrase
Summary

A brief account of the main points of a text, written in the writer's own words and leaving out examples, repetition and minor details.

Related: Paraphrase, Comprehension
Cloze passage

A text with words removed at regular intervals, which the candidate must fill with suitable words so that the passage keeps its grammar and meaning.

Related: Comprehension, Cohesion
Right form of verbs

Choosing the verb form that matches the subject, tense, voice and sentence structure, such as using the past participle after 'have' or the base form after modals.

Related: Subject-verb agreement, Voice
Subject-verb agreement

The rule that a verb must match its subject in person and number, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Related: Right form of verbs, Voice
Voice

The grammatical relationship between the verb and its subject, showing whether the subject performs the action (active) or receives it (passive).

Related: Right form of verbs, Narration
Narration

The grammatical conversion of direct speech into indirect speech, changing pronouns, tenses and time words according to reporting verb and context.

Related: Voice, Right form of verbs
ICT

Information and Communication Technology: the use of computers, networks and digital devices to create, store, process and exchange information electronically.

Related: Hardware, Database
Hardware

The physical parts of a computer system that can be touched, such as the processor, memory, monitor, keyboard and storage devices.

Related: ICT, Database
Database

An organised collection of related data stored so that it can be searched, updated and retrieved efficiently by many users or programs.

Related: ICT, Hardware
Newton's second law

The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force on it and inversely proportional to its mass, expressed as F = ma.

Related: Momentum, Work-energy theorem
Momentum

The product of a body's mass and velocity, a vector quantity that measures how hard it is to stop the body and is conserved in collisions.

Related: Newton's second law, Work-energy theorem
Work-energy theorem

The net work done on a body equals the change in its kinetic energy, linking force over a displacement to the resulting change in speed.

Related: Momentum, Newton's second law
Mole

The amount of substance containing 6.022 × 10²³ elementary particles, used to count atoms, molecules or ions in chemical calculations.

Related: Molarity, Periodic trend
Molarity

The number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution, a concentration unit that changes slightly with temperature because volume changes.

Related: Mole, Periodic trend
Periodic trend

The regular variation of properties such as atomic radius, ionisation energy and electronegativity across a period or down a group in the periodic table.

Related: Mole, Molarity
Mitosis

Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair in which chromosome number stays the same.

Related: Meiosis, Osmosis
Meiosis

Reduction division producing four haploid cells with half the chromosome number, creating genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.

Related: Mitosis, Osmosis
Osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to one of lower water potential.

Related: Mitosis, Meiosis
Limit

The value a function approaches as its input approaches a given point, forming the foundation of continuity and differentiation in calculus.

Related: Derivative, Integration
Derivative

The instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to a variable, defined as the limit of the difference quotient.

Related: Limit, Integration
Integration

The reverse process of differentiation, used to find areas under curves and accumulated quantities, defined as a limit of sums.

Related: Derivative, Limit
Double entry

The accounting rule that every transaction affects at least two accounts, with equal debits and credits, keeping the accounting equation in balance.

Related: Journal, Trial balance
Journal

The book of original entry where transactions are first recorded chronologically with date, accounts debited and credited, and a short narration.

Related: Double entry, Trial balance
Trial balance

A statement listing all ledger balances at a date to check that total debits equal total credits before preparing final accounts.

Related: Double entry, Journal
Continuous assessment

Marks awarded throughout the year for classwork, assignments and practical activities, which count towards the final subject grade.

Related: Practical
Practical

A hands-on examination or school-based activity in which candidates perform experiments, record observations and draw conclusions under supervision.

Related: Continuous assessment