HSC Bangladesh key terms
HSC Bangladesh · Get comfortable with the vocabulary.
- পদ্য (Podyo)
- Related: গদ্য (Godyo), রস (Rosh)
কবিতার আকারে লেখা সাহিত্যকর্ম, যেখানে ছন্দ, মাত্রা ও চরণের বিন্যাস থাকে এবং ভাব প্রকাশের প্রধান মাধ্যম হয়ে ওঠে।
- গদ্য (Godyo)
- Related: পদ্য (Podyo), প্রবন্ধ
ছন্দ বা চরণবিন্যাস ছাড়া স্বাভাবিক বাক্যধারায় লেখা সাহিত্যরূপ, যা প্রবন্ধ, গল্প, উপন্যাস ও নাটকের মূল কাঠামো গড়ে তোলে।
- রস (Rosh)
- Related: পদ্য (Podyo), অলংকার
সাহিত্য পাঠে পাঠকের মনে যে আনন্দময় আবেগ জাগে, তাকে রস বলে; ভাব ও অনুভূতির পরিণত প্রকাশই এর ভিত্তি।
- অলংকার
- Related: রস (Rosh), উপমা
কাব্য বা গদ্যের ভাব ও ভাষাকে সুন্দর, আকর্ষণীয় ও অর্থবহ করে তোলার কৌশল, যেমন উপমা, রূপক ও অনুপ্রাস।
- উপমা
- Related: অলংকার, রূপক
দুটি ভিন্ন বস্তু বা বিষয়ের মধ্যে সাদৃশ্য দেখিয়ে 'যেন', 'মতো', 'সদৃশ' প্রভৃতি শব্দ দিয়ে যে তুলনা করা হয়।
- রূপক
- Related: উপমা, অলংকার
যেখানে উপমেয় ও উপমানের অভেদ কল্পনা করা হয়, অর্থাৎ এক বস্তুকে অপর বস্তু বলে সরাসরি আরোপ করা হয়, তা-ই রূপক অলংকার।
- সন্ধি
- Related: সমাস, কারক
দুটি বর্ণ বা শব্দ পাশাপাশি এলে নির্দিষ্ট নিয়মে মিলে যাওয়া বা একটি বর্ণ লোপ পাওয়ার প্রক্রিয়া, যেমন বিদ্যা + আলয় = বিদ্যালয়।
- সমাস
- Related: সন্ধি, কারক
অর্থসম্পর্কযুক্ত একাধিক পদের এক পদে পরিণত হওয়ার প্রক্রিয়া, যেখানে পূর্বপদের বিভক্তি লোপ পায় এবং নতুন যৌগিক পদ তৈরি হয়।
- কারক
- Related: সমাস, বিভক্তি
বাক্যের ক্রিয়ার সঙ্গে বিশেষ্যের যে সম্পর্ক থাকে, তাকে কারক বলে; কর্তা, কর্ম, করণ, সম্প্রদান, অপাদান ও অধিকরণ এই ছয় প্রকার।
- বিভক্তি
- Related: কারক, সমাস
শব্দের শেষে যুক্ত হয়ে বচন, লিঙ্গ বা কারক-সম্পর্ক প্রকাশ করে যে প্রত্যয়, তাকে বিভক্তি বলে; যেমন 'কে', 'রে', 'তে'।
- Comprehension
- Related: Paraphrase, Topic sentence
The ability to read a passage and grasp its explicit meaning, implied ideas, tone and purpose, then answer questions accurately using evidence from the text.
- Paraphrase
- Related: Comprehension, Summary
Restating a passage's meaning in your own words while keeping the original sense and approximate length, without adding opinion or copying the source phrasing.
- Topic sentence
- Related: Comprehension, Cohesion
The sentence, usually first in a paragraph, that states the paragraph's central idea and controls what the remaining sentences will develop or support.
- Cohesion
- Related: Topic sentence, Paraphrase
The way sentences and paragraphs are linked through connectors, pronouns and repeated ideas so that a piece of writing reads as one smooth whole.
- Summary
- Related: Paraphrase, Comprehension
A brief account of the main points of a text, written in the writer's own words and leaving out examples, repetition and minor details.
- Cloze passage
- Related: Comprehension, Cohesion
A text with words removed at regular intervals, which the candidate must fill with suitable words so that the passage keeps its grammar and meaning.
- Right form of verbs
- Related: Subject-verb agreement, Voice
Choosing the verb form that matches the subject, tense, voice and sentence structure, such as using the past participle after 'have' or the base form after modals.
- Subject-verb agreement
- Related: Right form of verbs, Voice
The rule that a verb must match its subject in person and number, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb.
- Voice
- Related: Right form of verbs, Narration
The grammatical relationship between the verb and its subject, showing whether the subject performs the action (active) or receives it (passive).
- Narration
- Related: Voice, Right form of verbs
The grammatical conversion of direct speech into indirect speech, changing pronouns, tenses and time words according to reporting verb and context.
- ICT
- Related: Hardware, Database
Information and Communication Technology: the use of computers, networks and digital devices to create, store, process and exchange information electronically.
- Hardware
- Related: ICT, Database
The physical parts of a computer system that can be touched, such as the processor, memory, monitor, keyboard and storage devices.
- Database
- Related: ICT, Hardware
An organised collection of related data stored so that it can be searched, updated and retrieved efficiently by many users or programs.
- Newton's second law
- Related: Momentum, Work-energy theorem
The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force on it and inversely proportional to its mass, expressed as F = ma.
- Momentum
- Related: Newton's second law, Work-energy theorem
The product of a body's mass and velocity, a vector quantity that measures how hard it is to stop the body and is conserved in collisions.
- Work-energy theorem
- Related: Momentum, Newton's second law
The net work done on a body equals the change in its kinetic energy, linking force over a displacement to the resulting change in speed.
- Mole
- Related: Molarity, Periodic trend
The amount of substance containing 6.022 × 10²³ elementary particles, used to count atoms, molecules or ions in chemical calculations.
- Molarity
- Related: Mole, Periodic trend
The number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution, a concentration unit that changes slightly with temperature because volume changes.
- Periodic trend
- Related: Mole, Molarity
The regular variation of properties such as atomic radius, ionisation energy and electronegativity across a period or down a group in the periodic table.
- Mitosis
- Related: Meiosis, Osmosis
Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair in which chromosome number stays the same.
- Meiosis
- Related: Mitosis, Osmosis
Reduction division producing four haploid cells with half the chromosome number, creating genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.
- Osmosis
- Related: Mitosis, Meiosis
The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to one of lower water potential.
- Limit
- Related: Derivative, Integration
The value a function approaches as its input approaches a given point, forming the foundation of continuity and differentiation in calculus.
- Derivative
- Related: Limit, Integration
The instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to a variable, defined as the limit of the difference quotient.
- Integration
- Related: Derivative, Limit
The reverse process of differentiation, used to find areas under curves and accumulated quantities, defined as a limit of sums.
- Double entry
- Related: Journal, Trial balance
The accounting rule that every transaction affects at least two accounts, with equal debits and credits, keeping the accounting equation in balance.
- Journal
- Related: Double entry, Trial balance
The book of original entry where transactions are first recorded chronologically with date, accounts debited and credited, and a short narration.
- Trial balance
- Related: Double entry, Journal
A statement listing all ledger balances at a date to check that total debits equal total credits before preparing final accounts.
- Continuous assessment
- Related: Practical
Marks awarded throughout the year for classwork, assignments and practical activities, which count towards the final subject grade.
- Practical
- Related: Continuous assessment
A hands-on examination or school-based activity in which candidates perform experiments, record observations and draw conclusions under supervision.