Science Group: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Higher Mathematics
Shared demands
Science-group papers reward precise definitions, correct units, and the ability to move between formula, substitution and interpretation. Each subject has its own traps, but all punish unit errors and unexplained steps.
Physics
Understand Newton's laws, work-energy-power, gravitation, waves and sound, optics, heat, electricity (Ohm's law, series/parallel), and modern physics basics. Traps: mixing scalar and vector quantities, forgetting direction in force problems, unit conversion (cm to m), and confusing mass with weight.
Chemistry
Understand atomic structure, periodic trends, chemical bonding, mole concept, acids-bases-salts, and organic functional groups. Traps: forgetting to balance equations before mole calculations, confusing empirical and molecular formulae, and misreading oxidation states.
Biology
Understand cell structure, transport, photosynthesis and respiration, genetics, and human physiology systems. Traps: reversing photosynthesis and respiration gas exchanges, and confusing genotype with phenotype ratios.
Higher Mathematics
Understand functions, limits, differentiation and integration, vectors, matrices and probability. Traps: dropping constants of integration, sign errors in differentiation, and misapplying vector dot versus cross product.
Worked rule of thumb
For any numerical problem: write the given data with units, write the formula, substitute with units, then state the answer with units and a sanity check on magnitude. Example: a 2 kg mass accelerating at 3 m/s² gives F = ma = 6 N; if your answer reads 600 N, the unit conversion was wrong.