Dakhil Examination cheat sheet

বাংলা বর্ণমালায় স্বরবর্ণ ১১টি ও ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ৩৯টি; মোট ৫০টি বর্ণ।

স্বরবর্ণের সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপকে কার ও ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণের সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপকে ফলা বলে।

বাংলা ভাষায় মাত্রাহীন বর্ণ ১০টি: এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ, ং, ঃ, ঁ, ৎ, ৗ এবং র-এর ফলা যুক্ত রূপ।

সন্ধি প্রধানত তিন প্রকার: স্বরসন্ধি, ব্যঞ্জনসন্ধি ও বিসর্গসন্ধি; যেমন বিদ্যা+আলয় = বিদ্যালয়।

সমাসের প্রধান ভেদ: দ্বন্দ্ব, কর্মধারয়, তৎপুরুষ, বহুব্রীহি, দ্বিগু ও অব্যয়ীভাব।

কারক ছয় প্রকার: কর্তৃ, কর্ম, করণ, সম্প্রদান, অপাদান ও অধিকরণ।

বাক্যের গঠন অনুযায়ী ভাগ তিনটি: সরল বাক্য, জটিল বাক্য ও যৌগিক বাক্য।

বাংলা ভাষায় স্বরধ্বনি ৭টি ও ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি ৩২টি ধরা হয়; 'অ' ধ্বনি মূলত নয়টি।

Present perfect = have/has + past participle; it links a past action to the present and rejects definite past time markers like yesterday.

Passive voice: object of active becomes subject; verb becomes be + past participle; agent follows 'by' only if important.

Conditional types: zero (present/present), first (present/will), second (past/would), third (had + V3/would have + V3).

Relative clauses: 'who' for people, 'which' for things, 'that' for both in defining clauses; non-defining clauses take commas.

Reported speech shifts tense one step back and changes time/place words (now → then, here → there, today → that day).

Prepositions of time: 'at' for clock times, 'on' for days and dates, 'in' for months, years and longer periods.

Articles: 'a/an' for singular countable indefinite nouns (an before vowel sounds); 'the' for specific or unique referents.

Degrees of comparison: positive, comparative (than), superlative (the + -est/most); 'very' modifies positive, 'much' modifies comparative.

Area of a circle = πr²; circumference = 2πr; area of a triangle = ½ × base × height.

Pythagoras: in a right triangle, hypotenuse² = base² + perpendicular².

Quadratic formula: x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / 2a; discriminant b² − 4ac decides two, one or no real roots.

(a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²; (a−b)² = a² − 2ab + b²; a² − b² = (a+b)(a−b).

Sum of interior angles of an n-sided polygon = (n−2) × 180°; each exterior angle of a regular n-gon = 360°/n.

Volume: cylinder = πr²h; cone = ⅓πr²h; sphere = 4/3 πr³; total surface of a sphere = 4πr².

Simple interest = (P × r × t)/100; compound amount = P(1 + r/100)ⁿ.

Mean = sum of values ÷ number of values; median of ordered data with even count = average of the two middle values.

Newton's second law: F = ma; SI unit of force is the newton (kg·m/s²).

Work = force × displacement along the force; power = work ÷ time; SI unit of power is the watt.

Ohm's law: V = IR; resistors in series add (R = R₁ + R₂), in parallel 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts with chlorophyll and light.

Human blood groups follow the ABO system; O-negative is the universal donor and AB-positive the universal recipient.

pH below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four haploid gametes.

Speed of light in vacuum ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s; sound needs a medium and travels fastest in solids.

Bangladesh became independent on 26 March 1971; the surrender of Pakistani forces was on 16 December 1971.

The 1970 general election gave the Awami League a majority; the Six-Point demand was placed in 1966 at Lahore.

The Language Movement reached its climax on 21 February 1952; UNESCO declared that date International Mother Language Day in 1999.

Bangladesh has eight administrative divisions; the Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, lies across Khulna Division.

The United Nations was founded in 1945 and has its headquarters in New York; Bangladesh joined the UN in 1974.

SAARC was founded in 1985 in Dhaka; its secretariat is in Kathmandu, Nepal.

The Tropic of Cancer passes through 23.5° N; Bangladesh lies roughly between 20°34′ and 26°38′ N latitude.

The Padma, Meghna and Jamuna are major rivers; the Padma is the main distributary of the Ganges in Bangladesh.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB.

Binary uses base 2 digits 0 and 1; decimal 10 equals binary 1010.

A computer has input, processing, output and storage units; the CPU contains the ALU and control unit.

RAM is volatile working memory; ROM is non-volatile and holds firmware.

LAN covers a small area, WAN a wide area; the internet is the largest WAN.

An IP address identifies a device on a network; IPv4 uses 32 bits and IPv6 uses 128 bits.

Search operators: quotation marks force an exact phrase; a minus sign excludes a term; site: restricts results to one domain.

A spreadsheet formula begins with '='; relative references shift on copy, absolute references ($) do not.

Islam: the Five Pillars are Shahadah, Salah, Sawm, Zakat and Hajj; Zakat is 2.5% of qualifying wealth held for one lunar year.

Islam: the Qur'an has 114 surahs; the first revealed surah is Al-Alaq and the longest is Al-Baqarah.

Hinduism: the four Vedas are Rig, Sama, Yajur and Atharva; the Bhagavad Gita forms part of the Mahabharata.

Hinduism: dharma, artha, kama and moksha are the four purusharthas; ahimsa means non-violence.

Buddhism: the Four Noble Truths concern suffering, its cause, its cessation and the Eightfold Path; the Tripitaka is the canon.

Buddhism: Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya and preached his first sermon at Sarnath.

Christianity: the Bible has the Old and New Testaments; the New Testament contains 27 books and the Gospels four.

Christianity: the Ten Commandments were given to Moses on Mount Sinai; the Lord's Prayer is taught in the Sermon on the Mount.

A football team fields 11 players; a match has two 45-minute halves plus stoppage time.

Cricket: an over is six legal deliveries; an innings ends at 10 wickets or the agreed overs.

Kabaddi: a raider must chant 'kabaddi' continuously and return within 30 seconds without being tackled.

A standard running track is 400 m; a marathon covers 42.195 km.

BMI = weight in kg ÷ (height in m)²; a BMI of 18.5–24.9 is generally classed as normal.

First aid for a burn: cool with running water for about 20 minutes; do not apply ice or oil.

Warm-up raises muscle temperature and reduces injury risk; cool-down aids venous return and reduces stiffness.

A balanced diet supplies carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water in appropriate proportions.

Agriculture: crop rotation interrupts pest cycles and restores soil nutrients; legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen.

A nursery bed needs well-drained soil, partial shade and regular light watering; seedlings are transplanted at 4–5 leaves.

Home economics: a balanced meal plan matches energy needs to age, sex and activity level.

Electrical safety: switch off the mains before repairs; a fuse or circuit breaker protects against overload.

Basic bookkeeping: assets = liabilities + owner's equity; record every transaction in a journal before posting.

Entrepreneurship: a business plan covers product, market, cost, price and break-even point.

Fish farming requires pond preparation with lime, control of dissolved oxygen and stocking at correct density.

Vocational skills: measurement accuracy and tool maintenance determine the quality of carpentry and tailoring work.

Higher Mathematics: d/dx (xⁿ) = n·xⁿ⁻¹; ∫xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C for n ≠ −1.

Higher Mathematics: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1; tan θ = sin θ / cos θ; sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ.

Physics: v = u + at; s = ut + ½at²; v² = u² + 2as for uniform acceleration.

Chemistry: one mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles; molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 L.

Biology: the human body has 206 bones in adulthood; blood has plasma, red cells, white cells and platelets.

Accounting: the double-entry rule debits the receiver and credits the giver; the trial balance checks equal debits and credits.

Economics: demand rises as price falls, other things equal; price elasticity = percentage change in quantity ÷ percentage change in price.

Geography: lines of latitude are parallel and measure distance north or south of the equator; longitude measures east or west of Greenwich.

বাংলা বর্ণমালায় স্বরবর্ণ ১১টি ও ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ৩৯টি; মোট ৫০টি বর্ণ।

স্বরবর্ণের সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপকে কার ও ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণের সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপকে ফলা বলে।

মাত্রাহীন বর্ণ ১০টি: এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ, ং, ঃ, ঁ, ৎ, ৗ এবং র-ফলা যুক্ত রূপ।

সন্ধি তিন প্রকার: স্বরসন্ধি, ব্যঞ্জনসন্ধি ও বিসর্গসন্ধি; যেমন বিদ্যা+আলয় = বিদ্যালয়।

সমাসের প্রধান ভেদ: দ্বন্দ্ব, কর্মধারয়, তৎপুরুষ, বহুব্রীহি, দ্বিগু ও অব্যয়ীভাব।

কারক ছয় প্রকার: কর্তৃ, কর্ম, করণ, সম্প্রদান, অপাদান ও অধিকরণ।

গঠন অনুযায়ী বাক্য তিন প্রকার: সরল, জটিল ও যৌগিক।

বাংলা ভাষায় স্বরধ্বনি ৭টি ও ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি ৩২টি ধরা হয়।