Fazil Degree Examination flashcards
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- Triliteral root
- The three-consonant base from which most Arabic words are formed; the pattern of vowels and affixes around the root determines the word's grammatical meaning.
- Muʿallaqāt
- Seven or ten celebrated pre-Islamic Arabic odes, regarded as masterpieces of classical poetry and preserved in early anthologies.
- Muḥkam and mutashābih
- Muḥkam verses are clear and decisive in meaning; mutashābih verses are ambiguous, and their interpretation is debated among scholars.
- Isnād and matn
- A hadith consists of the isnād, the chain of narrators transmitting the report, and the matn, the actual text of the saying or action.
- Five rulings (al-aḥkām)
- The classical classification of acts as obligatory, recommended, permitted, disliked, or forbidden, guiding Muslim moral and legal practice.
- Niṣāb of zakāt
- The minimum wealth threshold above which zakāt becomes due, roughly 85 grams of gold or 595 grams of silver held for a lunar year.
- Tawḥīd al-ulūhiyya
- The doctrine that worship is due to God alone; it is the core message of all prophets and the foundation of Islamic monotheism.
- Kasb (acquisition)
- An Ashʿarī theological concept holding that God creates human acts while humans acquire them, grounding moral responsibility for their deeds.
- Second conditional
- An English conditional using past tense in the if-clause and would plus base verb in the main clause, expressing hypothetical present or future situations.
- Subject-verb agreement
- The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'she runs' versus 'they run'.
- চর্যাপদ
- বাংলা সাহিত্যের আদি নিদর্শন, হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রীর সম্পাদনায় প্রকাশিত, যা আদি মধ্যযুগের বৌদ্ধ সহজিয়া সাধকদের পদ সংকলন।
- অমিত্রাক্ষর ছন্দ
- মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত প্রবর্তিত বাংলা ছন্দ, যেখানে চরণের শেষে মিল থাকে না এবং অন্ত্যমিলের বместо পূর্ণ চরণের ভাবপ্রবাহ প্রধান।
- Hijra
- The Prophet Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the start of the Islamic lunar calendar.
- Delhi Sultanate
- The Muslim ruling period in northern India from 1206 to 1526 CE, comprising the Slave, Khaljī, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lōdī dynasties.
- UN Security Council
- The UN organ responsible for international peace and security, with five permanent veto-holding members and ten elected non-permanent members.
- OIC
- The Organization of Islamic Cooperation, founded in 1969 and headquartered in Jeddah, coordinating policies among Muslim-majority states.
- Arabic Form X
- The verb pattern اِسْتَفْعَلَ, typically expressing seeking or requesting the root meaning, as in استغفر (to seek forgiveness).
- Maqāma
- An Arabic literary genre of rhymed-prose episodes featuring a trickster narrator, pioneered by al-Hamadhānī and refined by al-Ḥarīrī.
- Ḥadīth qudsī
- A report in which the Prophet conveys words attributed to God that are not part of the Qurʾān and differ from it in wording and status.
- Asbāb al-nuzūl
- The recorded circumstances and events that prompted the revelation of particular Qurʾānic verses, used to contextualize their interpretation.
- Wuḍūʾ obligations
- The four obligatory acts of ablution: washing the face, arms to the elbows, wiping the head, and washing the feet to the ankles.
- Maqāṣid al-sharīʿa
- The higher objectives of Islamic law, classically identified as preserving religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property.
- Bī-lā kayf
- An Ashʿarī formula meaning 'without asking how', used to affirm God's attributes without likening them to created things.
- Waḥdat al-wujūd
- The Sufi metaphysical doctrine of the unity of being, associated with Ibn ʿArabī, holding that existence ultimately belongs to God alone.
- Non-defining relative clause
- A clause adding extra information about a noun, set off by commas and never introduced by 'that', as in 'My brother, who lives abroad, visited'.
- Fewer versus less
- 'Fewer' modifies countable plural nouns, while 'less' modifies uncountable nouns; the distinction is standard in formal English usage.
- সমাস
- বাংলা ব্যাকরণে দুই বা ততোধিক শব্দের সংক্ষিপ্ত মিলন; এর প্রকারভেদ দ্বন্দ্ব, কর্মধারয়, তৎপুরুষ, বহুব্রীহি, দ্বিগু ও অব্যয়ীভাব।
- কারক
- বাংলা ব্যাকরণে ক্রিয়ার সঙ্গে বিশেষ্যের সম্পর্ক; কর্তৃ, কর্ম, করণ, সম্প্রদান, অপাদান ও অধিকরণ এই ছয় প্রকার।
- Battle of Badr
- The first major battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh in 2 AH/624 CE, in which a small Muslim force defeated a larger Meccan army.
- Treaty of Ḥudaybiyya
- A ten-year truce concluded between the Prophet and the Quraysh in 6 AH/628 CE, described in the Qurʾān as a clear victory.
- 1971 Liberation War
- The armed struggle through which Bangladesh achieved independence from Pakistan, beginning on 26 March and ending in victory on 16 December 1971.
- SDGs
- The seventeen Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015, with a target date of 2030 for achieving them.