Kamil Examination cheat sheet

Informed consent requires disclosure of purpose, risks, benefits, alternatives, and the right to withdraw without penalty.

A dual role exists when a professional holds two relationships with the same party; it is permissible only when the second role cannot impair objectivity or exploit dependence.

Confidentiality may be breached only under a recognized exception: imminent risk of serious harm, legal compulsion, or valid authorization from the client.

Competence boundaries: a professional must decline or refer a case when the required skill set falls outside documented training and supervised experience.

Conflict of interest is managed by disclosure plus recusal; disclosure alone does not neutralize a material financial or personal interest.

Mandatory reporting duties override confidentiality for suspected abuse or neglect of minors, elders, or dependent adults in most jurisdictions.

Documentation of ethical decisions should record the dilemma, options considered, consultation sought, rationale, and outcome.

Gifts or benefits are typically acceptable only when nominal in value, culturally appropriate, and non-contingent on professional decisions.

Evidence hierarchy: systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials rank above cohort studies, case series, and expert opinion.

Sensitivity = true positives / (true positives + false negatives); it is the ability to detect cases that truly have the condition.

Specificity = true negatives / (true negatives + false positives); it is the ability to exclude those without the condition.

Positive predictive value depends on prevalence: PPV = (sensitivity × prevalence) / [(sensitivity × prevalence) + ((1 − specificity) × (1 − prevalence))].

Number needed to treat = 1 / absolute risk reduction; a smaller NNT indicates a larger clinical benefit per patient treated.

Correlation measures association, not causation; temporal order, dose-response, and control of confounders are required to infer causation.

Reliability concerns consistency of measurement; validity concerns whether the instrument measures the intended construct.

A confidence interval that excludes the null value corresponds to statistical significance at the matching alpha level (e.g., 95% CI excluding 1 for a risk ratio).

Baseline assessment must precede intervention so that change can be attributed to the plan rather than to maturation or regression to the mean.

SMART goals are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound; each goal names an observable indicator and a target date.

Norm-referenced tests compare a person to a reference group; criterion-referenced tests compare performance to a fixed standard of mastery.

Standard error of measurement = standard deviation × √(1 − reliability); it sets the confidence band around an observed score.

A screening instrument is chosen for high sensitivity; a confirmatory test is chosen for high specificity.

Risk assessment in planning weighs likelihood, severity, and reversibility of harm; high-severity irreversible risks justify precaution even at low probability.

Prioritization rule: address conditions that are life-threatening, rapidly progressive, or irreversible before stable chronic issues.

Cultural and linguistic validity of an assessment tool must be established for the population being tested before scores are interpreted.

Fidelity of implementation means delivering the intervention as designed: same content, dose, sequence, and duration.

Dose-response reasoning: below a minimum effective dose, failure to improve reflects under-treatment rather than a wrong intervention.

Progress monitoring uses brief, frequent, repeated measures so that the trend line, not a single score, drives mid-course decisions.

Modification rule: change one variable at a time so that the effect of the change can be attributed.

A treatment integrity check records adherence percentage; below roughly 80 percent adherence, outcome data are considered unreliable.

Contraindication screening occurs before every session, not only at intake, because status can change between visits.

Generalization is supported by varying settings, materials, and people during practice rather than by repeating identical conditions.

Scope of practice: tasks delegated to assistants must be within their trained competence and remain supervised by the accountable professional.

Effect size (Cohen's d) = (mean of intervention group − mean of comparison group) / pooled standard deviation.

Absolute risk reduction = control event rate − treatment event rate; relative risk reduction = ARR / control event rate.

A goal is met when the outcome measure reaches the pre-specified criterion on the pre-specified date; post hoc criteria changes are not acceptable.

Single-subject designs use baseline and intervention phases; a reversal phase strengthens causal inference by showing the behavior tracks the intervention.

Outcome measurement should include at least one measure of function or participation, not only impairment-level indicators.

Attrition bias arises when dropouts differ systematically from completers; report dropout rates and compare baseline characteristics.

Statistically significant change may be clinically trivial; report both significance and the minimal clinically important difference.

Program evaluation distinguishes formative evaluation (during delivery, for improvement) from summative evaluation (at completion, for judgment).

A complete progress note records date, participants, observations, intervention delivered, response, plan, and signature with credentials.

Objective documentation records observable behavior and measured data; subjective impressions are labeled as such and attributed.

Error correction in records uses a single line-through with initials, date, and reason; erasure or overwriting is prohibited.

Release of information requires a signed authorization naming the recipient, the specific information, the purpose, and an expiration date.

Plain-language communication targets roughly a sixth-grade reading level and avoids unexplained technical terms.

Teach-back confirms understanding: the recipient restates the information in their own words rather than confirming receipt.

Corrections or addenda are appended, never substituted; the original entry remains legible in the record.

Timeliness rule: entries are completed at the time of service or within the period set by the governing body, not reconstructed from memory later.

Records are retained for the minimum period set by statute or licensure rule, whichever is longer; minors' records often extend past the age of majority.

Reportable incidents include falls, medication errors, unanticipated injury, and any event requiring escalation of care.

Universal precautions treat all blood and body fluids as potentially infectious; hand hygiene is performed before and after every contact.

A safety plan identifies hazard, control measure, responsible person, and review date; hierarchy of controls favors elimination over personal protective equipment.

Emergency preparedness requires documented evacuation routes, assembly points, and a communication tree tested at defined intervals.

Restrictive interventions require documented authorization, time limits, monitoring, and review; they are never used for convenience or staffing shortages.

Medication administration follows the rights: right person, drug, dose, route, time, and documentation, plus verification of allergies.

Regulatory inspection findings are addressed through a corrective action plan with named owners and completion dates.