NTRCA School-2 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Bengali alphabet count

The Bengali alphabet contains 11 vowels (swarabarna) and 39 consonants (byanjanbarna), totaling 50 letters; 32 consonants and 8 vowels combine to form conjunct letters.

Charyapada

The oldest surviving Bengali literary text, a collection of Buddhist mystic songs composed roughly between 950 and 1200 CE, rediscovered by Haraprasad Shastri in Nepal in 1907.

Rabindranath Tagore Nobel

Rabindranath Tagore won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature for the English translation of Gitanjali, becoming the first Asian Nobel laureate.

Meghnadbadh Kabya

An epic poem by Michael Madhusudan Dutt published in 1861, considered a landmark of modern Bengali literature; Dutt also introduced the Bengali sonnet.

Present perfect tense

A tense formed with have/has plus the past participle; it connects a past action to the present and is incompatible with definite past time markers such as 'yesterday'.

Passive voice formation

Move the object to subject position, use the appropriate form of 'be' plus the past participle, and add 'by' before the original subject, as in 'The letter was written by her'.

Second conditional

A sentence pattern using past simple in the if-clause and would plus base verb in the main clause, expressing an unreal or improbable present situation, e.g., 'If I were rich, I would travel'.

Subject-verb agreement rule

Singular subjects take singular verbs; compound subjects joined by 'and' take plural verbs; with 'either...or' and 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject.

Reported speech backshift

When the reporting verb is past, present simple shifts to past simple, present continuous to past continuous, and present perfect to past perfect in indirect speech.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0, the roots are x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / (2a); the discriminant b² − 4ac determines whether roots are real or complex.

Pythagorean theorem

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a² + b² = c²; common triples are 3-4-5 and 5-12-13.

Compound interest formula

The amount after t years is A = P(1 + r/100)^t, where P is the principal and r is the annual interest rate percent; compound interest equals A minus P.

Sum of first n integers

The sum 1 + 2 + ... + n equals n(n+1)/2; related formulas are sum of squares n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 and sum of cubes [n(n+1)/2]².

LCM and HCF relation

For any two positive integers a and b, LCM(a, b) × HCF(a, b) = a × b; the HCF always divides the LCM.

Profit percent formula

Profit percent equals (profit divided by cost price) multiplied by 100; selling price equals cost price multiplied by (100 + profit%) divided by 100.

Bangladesh Independence Day

Bangladesh observes 26 March as Independence Day, commemorating the 1971 declaration of independence; Victory Day falls on 16 December.

Bangladesh Constitution adoption

The Constitution of Bangladesh was adopted on 4 November 1972 and took effect on 16 December 1972; it originally contained 153 articles.

Divisions of Bangladesh

Bangladesh has eight administrative divisions: Dhaka, Chattogram, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barishal, Sylhet, Rangpur, and Mymensingh, the last created in 2015.

Sundarbans

The world's largest mangrove forest, shared between Bangladesh and India; the Bangladesh portion was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.

Padma Bridge

Bangladesh's longest bridge, inaugurated on 25 June 2022, spanning the Padma River and linking Munshiganj district with Shariatpur district.

SAARC founding

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation was founded in 1985 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with seven initial member states; Afghanistan joined in 2007.

Bloom's taxonomy domains

Educational objectives fall into three domains: cognitive (knowledge and thinking), affective (attitudes and values), and psychomotor (physical skills).

Revised Bloom's taxonomy

Anderson and Krathwohl's 2001 revision orders cognitive processes as remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create, replacing synthesis with create.

National Education Policy 2010

Bangladesh's education policy adopted in 2010; it recommends a unified education system and extension of free compulsory primary education from five to eight years.

Qudrat-e-Khuda Commission

The Education Commission formed in 1972 in Bangladesh, chaired by Dr. Qudrat-e-Khuda, which proposed a broad restructuring of the education system.

Four pillars of education

From UNESCO's Delors Report (1996): learning to know, learning to do, learning to be, and learning to live together.

Piaget's cognitive stages

Sensorimotor (0–2 years), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11), and formal operational (11 and above); instruction should suit the learner's stage.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's concept describing the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with adult or peer guidance; scaffolding operates within this zone.

Formative assessment

Assessment conducted during instruction to give feedback and adjust teaching; it contrasts with summative assessment, which evaluates learning at the end of a unit.

Kohlberg's moral stages

Three levels with two stages each: pre-conventional (punishment, exchange), conventional (good boy/girl, law and order), and post-conventional (social contract, universal ethics).

Maslow's hierarchy

Needs ordered from physiological and safety through belonging and esteem to self-actualization; unmet lower needs impede learning, so teachers should address safety and belonging first.

Project method

A teaching method associated with William Heard Kilpatrick in which learners investigate real problems over time, integrating knowledge and developing independent inquiry skills.