Bulgaria DZI Russian flashcards
Bulgaria DZI Russian · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- аудиране
- Bulgarian term for listening comprehension, the exam section where recorded texts are played and candidates answer questions about topic, detail and speaker intention.
- всъщност
- Discourse marker meaning 'actually' or 'in fact'. In listening texts it often introduces the correction or real answer that follows an earlier misleading statement.
- Трябва да тръгна
- Means 'I have to leave'. Bulgarian has no infinitive, so modal трябва is followed by да plus the present-tense verb form.
- никой, нищо, никъде
- Negative pronouns and adverbs meaning nobody, nothing, nowhere. They combine with a negated verb to form a double negative, which is standard in Bulgarian.
- без четвърт
- Means 'a quarter to' when telling time, as in без четвърт осем (7:45). Listening tasks often test clock times with half and quarter phrases.
- Definite article suffix
- Bulgarian marks definiteness with an ending on the noun: -ът/-ят or -а/-я for masculine, -та feminine, -то neuter, -те plural. Adjectives take it first in noun phrases.
- Imperfective versus perfective
- Aspect pairs such as чета/прочета. Imperfective verbs describe ongoing or repeated action; perfective verbs describe one completed act, which affects how a reading passage's timeline is understood.
- въпреки че
- Concessive connector meaning 'although' or 'even though'. It signals that the main clause contradicts an expectation set up in the subordinate clause.
- докато
- Conjunction meaning 'while' or 'until'. It marks simultaneous action or a boundary in time and helps order events in a reading passage.
- Main idea versus detail
- A reading question about a title or heading requires the option covering the whole passage, while detail questions require one specific sentence. Matching repeated words is a common trap.
- минало несвършено време
- The past imperfect tense, formed with endings -х, -ше, -хме, -хте, -ха, as in четях, четеше. It describes background, habitual or unfinished past action.
- минало свършено време
- The aorist tense, used for a single completed past act, as in прочетох, прочете, прочетохме. It contrasts with the imperfect in narrative texts.
- ще + present tense
- The Bulgarian future construction: the particle ще precedes a present-tense verb, as in ще чета. The negative future uses няма да plus the present form.
- Clitic pronoun order
- Short pronoun forms such as ме, те, го, я, ни, ви, ги stand before the verb, and indirect object precedes direct object, as in Той ми го даде.
- помагам на
- The verb 'to help' governs the preposition на plus a person, as in Помагам на приятеля си. Preposition government is a frequent language-in-use test item.
- бих + past participle
- The conditional construction, as in бих отишъл. The auxiliary бих changes for person and the participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.
- Masculine article -ът versus -а
- In the masculine singular the subject form takes -ът/-ят and the object form takes -а/-я, so учителят is subject while учителя can be object.
- няма да
- The negated future marker, placed before a present-tense verb, as in няма да дойда (I will not come). It replaces ще in negative future sentences.
- Уважаеми господине
- Formal letter opening meaning 'Dear Sir'. It requires the polite Вие form, capitalised in correspondence, and formal closing formulas such as С уважение.
- С уважение
- Standard formal closing meaning 'Yours respectfully'. It belongs in official letters and applications, not in messages to friends, where С поздрав or До скоро fit.
- освен това
- Linking phrase meaning 'besides' or 'in addition'. It introduces a further argument and helps organise paragraphs in written production tasks.
- в заключение
- Concluding connector meaning 'in conclusion'. It opens the final paragraph, where the writer restates the main point or makes a recommendation.
- Register: ти versus Вие
- Informal ти addresses friends and peers, formal Вие addresses strangers, officials and elders. Verb endings change accordingly: говориш versus говорите. Mixing registers is penalised.
- One paragraph per prompt point
- A writing plan that gives each bullet in the task its own paragraph with a topic sentence, supporting detail and a connector, ensuring full content coverage.
- Word-count check
- After drafting, count words and, if below the minimum, add a concrete example or reason rather than filler adjectives, which weaken the text.
- говорите versus говориш
- Second-person verb forms: говорите is formal or plural 'you speak', говориш is informal singular. Choosing the wrong form breaks the politeness level of the exchange.
- ли question particle
- Yes/no questions place ли after the verb or clitic cluster, as in Имате ли време? The answer repeats the verb: Да, имам.
- Може ли да повторя
- Means 'May I repeat?'. It is a repair phrase used in oral interaction when the candidate or the interlocutor needs clarification.
- Бихте ли могъл да
- A polite request formula meaning 'Could you please…'. It combines the conditional бихте with the participle могъл and is followed by да plus a present-tense verb.
- Извинете, исках да кажа
- Self-correction phrase meaning 'Sorry, I meant…'. It lets the speaker repair a mistake without abandoning the sentence, preserving fluency and coherence.
- се намира
- Reflexive verb meaning 'is located' or 'is situated', used to describe places, as in Банката се намира до гарата. It is common in picture-description tasks.
- Да ви помогна ли
- An offer meaning 'Shall I help you?'. It uses да plus a present-tense verb with the clitic ви and the question particle ли at the end.