Bulgaria DZI Russian key terms

The part of the exam where candidates listen to spoken Russian recordings and answer questions about what they heard. It tests understanding of main ideas and specific details.

The central point or message of a spoken or written text, as opposed to minor details. Questions often ask candidates to identify it after listening or reading.

A specific piece of information within a text, such as a name, number, time, or place. Listening and reading tasks often require locating such details accurately.

A conversation between two or more speakers, common in listening tasks. Candidates must follow turn-taking, question-answer patterns, and the speakers' intentions.

A single spoken turn or line by one participant in a conversation. Recognising whose turn it is helps candidates follow dialogues in listening sections.

A short public announcement or notice, often heard in listening tasks or read in reading tasks. It usually gives practical information such as times, places, or changes.

A message or announcement conveying information to a listener or reader. Exam texts often include short messages whose purpose candidates must identify.

The reading section of the exam, where candidates read Russian texts and answer questions. It tests global understanding, detailed comprehension, and inference.

The surrounding words or situation that help determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word or phrase. Using context is a key strategy in reading tasks.

The meaning that a word or expression carries. Candidates must choose the meaning that fits the sentence, not just a dictionary listing.

A word with a similar meaning to another word. Recognising synonyms helps candidates match paraphrased information in reading and listening questions.

A word with the opposite meaning of another word. Identifying opposites supports comprehension of contrast and negation in texts.

The title of a text, which often signals its topic or purpose. Candidates use titles to predict content before reading in detail.

The general subject that a text or recording deals with. Distinguishing the topic from the main idea is a frequent requirement in comprehension tasks.

The writer's or speaker's purpose, such as informing, persuading, warning, or inviting. Questions may ask why a text was written.

A conclusion reached by combining information in a text with general knowledge. Some questions require inferring meaning rather than finding it stated directly.

The grammar and vocabulary resources tested in the language-in-use section. Candidates select or supply correct forms to complete sentences and short texts.

A grammatical category showing the role of a noun or pronoun in a sentence, such as subject, object, or possessor. Russian has six cases with distinct endings.

The pattern of changing noun, adjective, and pronoun endings according to case and number. Correct declension is essential for grammar tasks.

The pattern of changing verb endings according to person and number in the present or future tense. Russian verbs follow first and second conjugation patterns.

The aspect of a Russian verb, either imperfective or perfective. Aspect affects meaning, tense use, and choice of form in grammar exercises.

The tense of a verb, indicating whether an action happens in the past, present, or future. Russian past tense also marks gender and number.

A short word such as в, на, с, or по that links words and often governs a particular case. Choosing the right preposition and case is a common exam point.

Agreement between words in gender, number, and case, for example between an adjective and a noun. Errors in agreement are frequently tested in grammar tasks.

The grammatical gender of a noun, masculine, feminine, or neuter, which affects the endings of related words. Gender must be known to form correct agreement.

A structured written text produced in the writing section, such as a letter, message, or short essay. It is assessed for task fulfilment, organisation, vocabulary, and grammar.

An essay or longer piece of writing presenting and supporting an opinion. It requires clear paragraphs, linking words, and appropriate register.

The organisation of a written text into introduction, body, and conclusion, with logical paragraphs. Clear structure helps the reader follow the argument or narrative.

Words such as и, но, потому что, and однако that connect ideas and sentences. Using them correctly improves coherence in writing and comprehension in reading.

A formal register used in letters to institutions, applications, and official messages. It requires polite formulas and avoidance of colloquial vocabulary.

The way a writer or speaker addresses the reader or listener, such as Уважаеми господине or Привет. The choice depends on formality and relationship.

The oral production and interaction section, where candidates speak Russian in monologue and dialogue tasks. It assesses fluency, accuracy, pronunciation, and communicative success.

An extended spoken contribution by one candidate on a given topic or picture prompt. It should be organised, connected, and sustained for the required time.

A speaking task in which candidates act out a situation, such as asking for information or making arrangements. It tests interactive skills and functional language.

A fixed polite expression such as Моля, Благодаря, or Извинете, used to manage social interaction. These phrases are expected in both speaking and formal writing.

The way words are articulated, including sounds, stress, and intonation. Clear pronunciation supports intelligibility in the speaking section.

The stressed syllable in a Russian word, which can change vowel quality and meaning. Correct stress aids both listening comprehension and clear speech.