ANAC Aerodesport Pilot Theoretical Exam (Piloto Aerodesportivo - CPA) flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Definition of aeroplane

A power-driven, heavier-than-air aircraft deriving lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on fixed surfaces.

Controlled airspace classes

Classes A–E are controlled; A allows IFR only, B–D allow IFR and VFR with clearance, E allows both with traffic information for VFR.

VFR minima Class G

Below 900 m AMSL: 5 km visibility, 1500 m horizontally and 300 m vertically from cloud; above 900 m: 8 km visibility.

Squawk codes

7700 for emergency, 7600 for radio failure, 7500 for unlawful interference; these are standard international transponder codes.

Right-of-way rules

Converging aircraft of the same category give way to the one on the right; power-driven aircraft give way to gliders, balloons and airships.

Four-stroke cycle

Intake, compression, power and exhaust strokes; the crankshaft makes two revolutions per cycle and the camshaft turns at half speed.

Carburettor icing conditions

Most likely at ambient temperatures between -5 °C and +15 °C with relative humidity above 50%; apply carburettor heat before reducing power.

Detonation versus pre-ignition

Detonation is explosive combustion after normal ignition, caused by high manifold pressure or temperature; pre-ignition occurs before the spark.

Altimeter settings

QNH gives altitude above mean sea level; QFE gives height above the aerodrome; QNE (1013.25 hPa) is used above the transition altitude.

Pitot and static blockage

A blocked pitot makes the airspeed indicator behave like an altimeter; a blocked static port affects ASI, altimeter and vertical speed indicator.

Centre of gravity limits

Forward of the limit increases stick forces and stall speed; aft of the limit reduces stability and may cause an unrecoverable stall.

Mass and balance formula

Moment = mass × arm; CG position = total moment ÷ total mass, using a consistent datum and units.

Density altitude formula

Pressure altitude plus 120 ft per °C above ISA temperature at that level; it determines take-off, landing and climb performance.

Crosswind component

Crosswind = wind speed × sin(angle between wind and runway); headwind = wind speed × cos(angle).

Fuel planning components

Trip fuel + taxi + contingency (about 5% of trip) + alternate + final reserve (30 min VFR, 45 min IFR) + extra.

Climb gradient formula

Gradient (%) = (altitude gain ÷ horizontal distance) × 100; rate of climb (ft/min) ≈ gradient × groundspeed (kt) ÷ 0.6.

Hypoxia symptoms

Euphoria, headache, impaired judgment and cyanosis; time of useful consciousness at 25,000 ft is about 3–5 minutes.

Hyperventilation treatment

Slow the breathing rate and, if hypoxia is suspected, use supplemental oxygen; symptoms include dizziness, tingling and cramps.

Spatial disorientation

Occurs when vestibular and visual cues conflict; in IMC, rely on instruments and ignore sensations of bank or climb.

Night vision

Rods are sensitive to low light but poor at colour and detail; allow 20–30 minutes for dark adaptation and avoid bright light.

Alcohol and flight

Even small amounts impair judgment and reaction time; most regulators require 8 hours between last drink and flight.

Standard atmosphere

Sea-level pressure 1013.25 hPa, temperature 15 °C, lapse rate 2 °C per 1000 ft up to the tropopause at about 36,000 ft.

Cloud base estimate

Cloud base (ft) ≈ (temperature − dewpoint in °C) × 400, or × 125 for metres.

Stable versus unstable air

Stable air produces stratiform cloud and steady precipitation; unstable air produces cumuliform cloud, showers and turbulence.

Cold front passage

Rapid passage, squall lines, heavy showers and a wind veer; warm fronts bring gradual cloud thickening and steady rain.

Mountain wave signs

Strong winds aloft downwind of ridges, lenticular clouds, severe turbulence and downdrafts on the lee side.

True-to-compass heading

TC + wind correction = TH; TH + variation (east is least, west is best) = MH; MH + deviation = compass heading.

1-in-60 rule

A 1° error over 60 nm produces a 1 nm offset; track error (°) ≈ offset (nm) ÷ distance (nm) × 60.

Altimeter pressure error

1 hPa ≈ 30 ft; flying from high to low pressure without adjusting the altimeter makes the aircraft lower than indicated.

Wake turbulence avoidance

Stay above and upwind of a preceding heavy aircraft; rotate before its rotation point and stay above its flight path.

Engine failure after take-off

Maintain control, establish best glide speed, select a landing area and complete the emergency checklist; do not turn back below 500 ft.

Lift formula

Lift = ½ × ρ × V² × S × CL; lift increases with the square of airspeed and with air density.

Load factor and stall

Load factor = 1 ÷ cos(bank angle); at 60° bank it is 2 and stall speed increases by √2, about 41%.