CACD Diplomata cheat sheet

Linguistic variation axes: diatópica (region), diastrática (social group), diafásica (register), diacrônica (time); the exam treats norm variation as legitimate, not as error.

Brazilian Romanticism phases: 1st indianista/nacionalista (Gonçalves Dias, 'Canção do Exílio'; Alencar's Iracema and O Guarani); 2nd ultrarromântico/byroniano (Álvares de Azevedo, Casimiro de Abreu); 3rd condoreiro (Castro Alves, 'O Navio Negreiro').

Realism/Naturalism divide: Machado de Assis (Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, 1881) ironizes the narrator; Aluísio Azevedo (O Cortiço) applies determinism of race, milieu and moment.

Modernismo 1922: Mário de Andrade (Macunaíma, Pauliceia Desvairada), Oswald de Andrade (Manifesto Antropófago), Anita Malfatti; 1930 generation turns to social novel (Graciliano Ramos, Vidas Secas; Rachel de Queiroz, O Quinze).

Post-1945: João Cabral de Melo Neto's constructivist poetry (Morte e Vida Severina); Guimarães Rosa's Grande Sertão: Veredas uses neologisms and oral syntax; Clarice Lispector's introspective prose (A Hora da Estrela).

Textual cohesion devices to identify: referenciação (anáfora/catáfora), substituição, elipse, conjunção, coesão lexical (reiteração, colocação); coherence concerns semantic and pragmatic relations beyond the sentence.

Crase rule: contract preposition a + article a(s) before feminine nouns (Vou à escola); never before masculine nouns, verbs, or indefinite articles; obligatory in 'à moda de' and in locuções femininas (às vezes, à noite).

Regency traps: 'assistir a' (to watch, requires a); 'aspirar a' (to aspire); 'visar a' (to aim at); 'obedecer/desobedecer a'; 'preferir A a B' (no 'mais' before 'preferir').

Verb-noun agreement with 'haver' (impersonal, singular: Havia muitos alunos) versus 'existir' (agrees: Existiam muitos alunos); 'fazer' indicating time is also impersonal (Faz dez anos).

Colonial economy cycles: pau-brasil extraction, sugar in the Northeast (engenhos, escravidão africana), gold in Minas Gerais (18th century), coffee in the Paraíba Valley and later São Paulo.

Treaties delimiting borders: Treaty of Madrid (1750) replaced Tordesillas with uti possidetis; Treaty of Santo Ildefonso (1777) adjusted southern boundaries; Treaty of Petrópolis (1903) incorporated Acre for compensation.

Independence path: Portuguese court in Rio (1808), opening of ports, United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves (1815), Grito do Ipiranga (1822), recognition by Portugal (1825) with British mediation and indemnity.

Regency period (1831-1840): Cabanagem (Pará), Farroupilha (Rio Grande do Sul, 1835-1845), Sabinada (Bahia), Balaiada (Maranhão); centralizing reaction via Ato Adicional de 1834 and Lei Interpretativa de 1840.

Republic: Proclamation (1889), República da Espada (Deodoro, Floriano), política dos governadores (Campos Sales), coronelismo, política do café com leite (SP-MG), Revolução de 1930, Estado Novo (1937-1945).

Vargas era: labor legislation (CLT, 1943), DIP censorship, nationalization of industries; 1954 suicide; JK's Plano de Metas and Brasília (1960); João Goulart and the 1964 coup.

Military regime (1964-1985): AI-1 (1964), AI-5 (1968, closure of Congress, censorship), 'milagre econômico' with external debt, Geisel's distensão and abrandamento, Lei da Anistia (1979), Diretas Já (1984), Constituição de 1988.

Peace of Westphalia (1648): sovereignty and territoriality as organizing principles; Congress of Vienna (1815) applied balance of power and legitimacy after Napoleon.

Industrial Revolution sequence: coal, iron, steam in Britain (18th century); second wave with steel, chemicals, electricity and assembly line (late 19th century); demographic and urban transformation.

Revolutions of 1848 spread liberal-national demands; Italian and German unifications (1861, 1871) reshaped the European state system; Bismarck's Realpolitik built alliances.

Causes of WWI (1914): alliance blocs (Triple Alliance vs Triple Entente), imperial rivalry, Balkan nationalism, assassination at Sarajevo; Treaty of Versailles (1919) imposed reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Russian Revolution (1917): February removes the tsar; October brings Bolsheviks to power; NEP (1921) and later Stalinist five-year plans and collectivization.

Interwar crisis: Crash of 1929, mass unemployment, rise of fascism and Nazism; appeasement at Munich (1938); WWII (1939-1945) ends with Allied victory and the United Nations (1945).

Cold War phases: containment and Marshall Plan (1947), Berlin Blockade (1948), Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), détente in the 1970s, Gorbachev's glasnost/perestroika, fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) and Soviet dissolution (1991).

Decolonization: Indian independence (1947), Bandung Conference (1955), African independences in 1960, Non-Aligned Movement, and postcolonial state-building challenges.

Brazilian relief: planaltos (highlands) predominate; the Amazon basin is a vast lowland; highest point is Pico da Neblina (~2,995 m) on the Venezuela border.

Major biomes: Amazônia, Cerrado (savanna, Brazil's second-largest biome), Mata Atlântica, Caatinga (semi-arid, exclusive to Brazil), Pampa, Pantanal (wetland), plus coastal/marine systems.

Climate controls: latitude (equatorial to subtropical), altitude, continentality, maritime influence, and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone producing summer rains in the Center-South.

Hydrography: Amazon basin has the world's largest discharge; basins are largely exorheic; the São Francisco is a national integrating river; Paraná basin supports hydroelectricity (Itaipu).

Demographic patterns: population concentrated in the Southeast and coastal zone; urbanization above 85%; recent fertility decline and aging; internal migration toward the Center-West and Amazon frontiers.

Agrarian structure: latifúndio/minifúndio duality, export-oriented agribusiness (soy, beef, sugar), family farming, and frontier expansion into the Cerrado and Amazônia Legal.

Geopolitical concepts: Mackinder's Heartland, Mahan's sea power, Spykman's Rimland; Brazil's Amazonian border (over 15,000 km) and the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization.

Rio Branco (1902-1912) consolidated boundary settlements based on uti possidetis and arbitration; Brazil's foreign policy tradition favors legalism and peaceful dispute settlement.

Itamaraty's historical axes: multilateralism, non-intervention, defense of sovereignty, and pragmatic alignment; Washington consensus versus autonomist phases in the 1960s ('Política Externa Independente') and 2000s.

Brazil's regional leadership: Mercosul (1991, Treaty of Asunción), Unasul (2008), Celac (2010), and the role of the OAS; Brazil is a founding member of the UN and participates in peacekeeping (Haiti, MINUSTAH).

Global governance: Brazil claims a permanent seat on a reformed UN Security Council; participates in G20, BRICS (2009), IBSA, and WTO dispute settlement.

Climate diplomacy: hosting Rio-92 and Rio+20; Amazon Fund; NDCs and the Paris Agreement (2015); tensions between deforestation control and agricultural exports.

South-South cooperation: technical cooperation via ABC (Agência Brasileira de Cooperação), health and agriculture projects in Africa and Latin America; 'cooperação estruturante' concept.

Non-proliferation: Brazil is party to the NPT (1998) and the Tlatelolco Treaty; safeguards with the IAEA; the 2010 Turkey-Brazil-Iran fuel swap initiative is a case study of autonomous diplomacy.

Sources of international law (ICJ Statute art. 38): treaties, international custom (state practice + opinio juris), general principles, judicial decisions and doctrine as subsidiary means.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969): pacta sunt servanda; rebus sic stantibus (art. 62) narrowly applied; jus cogens voids conflicting treaties; reservations must be compatible with the object and purpose.

State responsibility: elements are attribution and breach; consequences are cessation, reparation (restitution, compensation, satisfaction); circumstances precluding wrongfulness include consent, self-defense, countermeasures, necessity.

Jurisdictional immunities: states enjoy immunity from foreign courts (acta jure imperii); diplomatic immunity under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961); consular immunity under the 1963 Convention.

Use of force: UN Charter art. 2(4) prohibits force; exceptions are self-defense (art. 51) and Security Council authorization (Chapter VII); humanitarian intervention remains contested.

International humanitarian law: Geneva Conventions (1949) and Additional Protocols; principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, and prohibition of unnecessary suffering.

Human rights system: UDHR (1948), ICCPR and ICESCR (1966), American Convention on Human Rights (1969, San José) with the Inter-American Court; Brazil recognizes the Court's jurisdiction (1998).

Settlement of disputes: ICJ (contentious and advisory jurisdiction), arbitration (PCA), WTO Dispute Settlement Body, and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea under UNCLOS (1982).

GDP identities: Y = C + I + G + (X - M); nominal versus real GDP deflation with a price index; GDP per capita as development proxy with distributional limitations.

Comparative advantage (Ricardo): gains from trade arise from opportunity-cost differences; Heckscher-Ohlin adds factor endowments; new trade theory (Krugman) explains intra-industry trade and scale economies.

Exchange-rate regimes: fixed, floating, crawling peg, dollarization; nominal vs real exchange rate; purchasing power parity as long-run anchor; pass-through to inflation.

Balance of payments structure: current account (goods, services, income, transfers), capital and financial account, errors and omissions, reserve changes; twin deficits hypothesis.

Monetary policy: instruments (open-market operations, reserve requirements, policy rate); inflation targeting adopted by Brazil in 1999; Taylor rule as a heuristic; transmission channels.

Fiscal policy: primary vs nominal deficit, public debt dynamics (r - g), fiscal multipliers, automatic stabilizers; Fiscal Responsibility Law (LRF, 2000) and the constitutional expenditure ceiling/arcabouço.

Trade policy instruments: tariffs (ad valorem, specific), quotas, subsidies, anti-dumping, safeguards, countervailing duties; WTO most-favored-nation principle and regional exceptions under GATT art. XXIV.

Development economics: import substitution industrialization (Prebisch-Singer thesis), structural adjustment, Washington Consensus, and the role of institutions (Acemoglu-Robinson).

English conditionals: zero (present real), first (will + base), second (past subjunctive: If I were you), third (had + past participle + would have); mixed conditionals combine time frames.

English reported speech: tense backshift (present to past, will to would), pronoun and time/place shifts (now to then, here to there), and exception for still-true statements.

English formal register for diplomatic texts: passive voice for neutrality, hedging (may, could, would appear), nominalization, and avoidance of contractions.

Spanish subjunctive triggers: volition (quiero que vengas), emotion, doubt/negation (no creo que sea), impersonal expressions (es importante que), and temporal conjunctions with future reference (cuando llegues).

Spanish ser/estar: ser for identity, origin, profession, inherent characteristics; estar for location, temporary states, and progressive aspect; adjectives change meaning (ser listo vs estar listo).

French subjunctive after expressions of necessity, doubt, emotion (il faut que tu viennes; je doute qu'il soit); irregular forms (être: sois, soit; avoir: aie, ait; aller: aille).

French articles and agreement: partitive du/de la/des in negative becomes de; past participle agreement with preceding direct object (les lettres que j'ai écrites).

Dissertative-argumentative structure: contextualization (thesis), development paragraphs with one argument each, and conclusion with a proposal or synthesis; avoid first-person colloquialism.

Cohesion markers to deploy: addition (ademais, outrossim), contrast (entretanto, todavia), cause (porquanto, visto que), conclusion (portanto, destarte), exemplification (a saber, mormente).

Diplomatic register: impersonal constructions, precise lexicon, avoidance of clichés and of vague quantifiers; use of conditional for politeness and hedging.

Oral exam format: examiners probe current international affairs, Brazilian foreign policy doctrine, and the candidate's essay; answers should state a position, justify with evidence, and acknowledge counterarguments.

Argument quality criteria: relevance to the prompt, consistency of thesis, depth of evidence, and originality; avoid mere enumeration of facts without analysis.

Time management for the essay: allocate roughly 10 minutes to planning, 60 to drafting, 10 to revision; essays typically demand 30-60 lines with legible handwriting.

Current-affairs preparation anchors: UN reform, climate finance, trade tensions, regional integration, migration, and digital governance; connect each to Brazil's stated positions.