CACD Diplomata flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Crase

Contraction of preposition 'a' with feminine article 'a(s)', as in 'Vou à escola'. It never occurs before masculine nouns, verbs, or indefinite articles.

Machado de Assis

Brazilian writer whose 1881 novel Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas inaugurated Brazilian Realism, using an ironic deceased narrator to satirize Rio de Janeiro's elite.

Antropofagia

Oswald de Andrade's 1928 modernist manifesto proposing that Brazilian culture 'cannibalize' foreign influences to create something original, a key idea of the 1922 Modernist movement.

Coesão referencial

Textual mechanism linking parts of a text through anaphora, cataphora, and substitution, allowing the reader to recover referents without repetition.

Treaty of Madrid 1750

Agreement between Portugal and Spain replacing the Tordesillas line with the principle of uti possidetis, recognizing Portuguese occupation of territory beyond the original meridian.

Política do café com leite

Arrangement during the Old Republic in which São Paulo's coffee economy and Minas Gerais's dairy interests alternated in holding the Brazilian presidency.

AI-5

Institutional Act No. 5, issued in 1968 by Brazil's military regime, closing Congress, suspending habeas corpus for political crimes, and enabling censorship and purges.

Treaty of Petrópolis 1903

Agreement with Bolivia incorporating Acre into Brazil in exchange for compensation and a railway commitment, negotiated under Rio Branco's diplomacy.

Peace of Westphalia

1648 settlements ending the Thirty Years' War that established territorial sovereignty and non-interference as foundational principles of the modern state system.

Bandung Conference

1955 meeting of Asian and African states in Indonesia that promoted anti-colonialism, non-alignment, and South-South solidarity, a precursor to the Non-Aligned Movement.

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty ending World War I with Germany, imposing territorial losses, disarmament, and reparations that destabilized the Weimar Republic and fueled revanchism.

Marshall Plan

US program from 1948 providing economic aid to rebuild Western Europe, part of Cold War containment strategy against Soviet influence.

Cerrado

Brazilian savanna biome covering the Central Plateau, the second-largest biome in the country, rich in endemic species and a major agricultural frontier.

Caatinga

Semi-arid biome exclusive to Brazil in the Northeast, characterized by xerophytic vegetation and seasonal rivers, highly vulnerable to desertification.

Pantanal

Vast seasonal wetland in the Upper Paraguay basin spanning Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay, known for exceptional biodiversity and periodic flooding cycles.

Uti possidetis

Principle that new states retain the territorial boundaries they effectively occupied, applied in Latin American decolonization and Brazilian border diplomacy.

Mercosul

Southern Common Market created by the 1991 Treaty of Asunción among Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, aiming at a common market with a common external tariff.

Rio Branco

Baron of Rio Branco, Brazilian foreign minister from 1902 to 1912, who secured borders through arbitration and consolidated a legalist, peaceful foreign policy tradition.

BRICS

Grouping of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa formed in 2009, promoting coordination on global governance reform and South-South cooperation.

Paris Agreement

2015 climate treaty under the UNFCCC committing parties to nationally determined contributions to limit global warming, ratified by Brazil in 2016.

Jus cogens

Peremptory norms of international law from which no derogation is permitted, such as prohibitions on genocide, slavery, and aggression; conflicting treaties are void.

Pacta sunt servanda

Principle that treaties are binding on parties and must be performed in good faith, codified in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

UNCLOS

1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea establishing maritime zones, including territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, and rules on dispute settlement.

State responsibility

Rules governing when a state is liable for internationally wrongful acts, requiring attribution and breach, with remedies of cessation, restitution, compensation, or satisfaction.

Comparative advantage

Ricardian principle that countries gain from trade by specializing in goods with lower opportunity cost, even if one country is more efficient in everything.

Balance of payments

Accounting record of a country's transactions with the world, comprising current account, capital and financial account, and changes in reserves.

Inflation targeting

Monetary policy framework in which the central bank publicly commits to a numerical inflation target and uses the policy rate to pursue it; Brazil adopted it in 1999.

Most-favored-nation principle

WTO rule requiring members to grant any trade advantage given to one country to all members, subject to exceptions such as free trade areas.

Spanish subjunctive trigger

Structures such as 'no creo que', 'es importante que', and 'cuando' with future reference require the subjunctive mood, expressing doubt, volition, or futurity.

French partitive in negation

In negative sentences, partitive articles du, de la, and des become 'de', as in 'Je ne bois pas de café'.

English third conditional

Structure 'if + past perfect, would have + past participle' expressing unreal past situations and their hypothetical consequences, common in diplomatic counterfactuals.

Dissertative-argumentative structure

Essay format with thesis introduction, development paragraphs each defending one argument with evidence, and a conclusion offering synthesis or proposal.

Diplomatic hedging

Use of modal verbs and impersonal constructions such as 'may', 'could', or 'it would appear' to soften claims and preserve negotiating flexibility in formal texts.