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CACD Diplomata practice questions

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Question 1Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

No período "Caso chova amanhã, a cerimônia será transferida para o salão interno", a oração destacada estabelece com a principal uma relação de:

  1. concessão
  2. condição Correct answer.
  3. causa
  4. finalidade

Explanation

A conjunção "caso" introduz uma hipótese de cuja realização depende o fato expresso na oração principal, o que caracteriza a circunstância de condição. Concessão seria marcada por "embora" ou "ainda que"; causa, por "porque"; finalidade, por "para que".

Question 2Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Assinale a alternativa em que todas as palavras estão grafadas corretamente segundo o Acordo Ortográfico vigente.

  1. micro-ondas, anti-higienico, autoestrada
  2. micro-ondas, anti-higiênico, autoestrada Correct answer.
  3. microondas, anti-higiénico, auto-estrada
  4. microondas, anti-higiênico, auto-estrada

Explanation

O acordo mantém o hífen quando o prefixo termina em vogal igual à inicial do segundo elemento (micro-ondas) e antes de palavra iniciada por h (anti-higiênico), mas suprime o hífen quando a junção não gera ambiguidade nem encontro vocálico problemático, como em autoestrada.

Question 3Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Em "O diplomata, que serviu em três continentes, publicou suas memórias", a oração adjetiva em destaque é classificada como:

  1. apositiva
  2. explicativa Correct answer.
  3. predicativa
  4. restritiva

Explanation

A oração adjetiva entre vírgulas acrescenta informação sobre o antecedente já plenamente identificado, sem limitar sua extensão, o que a torna explicativa. Sem as vírgulas, ela restringiria o sentido do antecedente.

Question 4Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Na frase "Fazia anos que o arquivo não era consultado", o verbo "fazer" está empregado como:

  1. verbo pessoal, com sujeito claro
  2. verbo de ligação, ligando sujeito a predicativo
  3. verbo impessoal, na terceira pessoa do singular Correct answer.
  4. verbo pronominal, acompanhado de partícula apassivadora

Explanation

Quando indica tempo decorrido, "fazer" é impessoal, não tem sujeito e permanece na terceira pessoa do singular, mesmo que o período de tempo seja plural. Assim, "fazia anos" está correto e não admite flexão.

Question 5Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Qual das obras inaugura convencionalmente o Romantismo brasileiro, com a publicação de "Suspiros Poéticos e Saudades"?

  1. José de Alencar
  2. Álvares de Azevedo
  3. Gonçalves de Magalhães Correct answer.
  4. Gonçalves Dias

Explanation

Gonçalves de Magalhães publicou "Suspiros Poéticos e Saudades" em 1836, obra tomada como marco inicial do Romantismo no Brasil. Gonçalves Dias consolidou a poesia indianista, e Alencar e Azevedo pertencem à geração seguinte.

Question 6Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Na oração "Precisam-se de assistentes bilíngues", a concordância recomendada pela norma-padrão é:

  1. Precisam-se assistentes bilíngues, sem preposição
  2. Precisam-se de assistentes bilíngues, como está
  3. Precisa-se de assistentes bilíngues, com verbo no singular Correct answer.
  4. Precisa-se assistentes bilíngues, sem preposição

Explanation

Com verbos transitivos indiretos acompanhados da partícula "se", o sujeito é indeterminado e o verbo fica na terceira pessoa do singular. A preposição exigida pelo verbo deve ser mantida.

Question 7Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Em "Vendem-se casas na beira do lago", a função da partícula "se" e a concordância correta são:

  1. conjunção integrante, com verbo no plural
  2. partícula apassivadora, com verbo concordando com "casas" Correct answer.
  3. índice de indeterminação do sujeito, com verbo no singular
  4. pronome reflexivo, com verbo no singular

Explanation

Com verbo transitivo direto seguido de "se", forma-se voz passiva sintética: "casas" é sujeito paciente e o verbo concorda com ele. Por isso, "vendem-se casas" está correto.

Question 8Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Assinale a frase em que o emprego da crase está correto.

  1. Refiro-me à Vossa Senhoria
  2. Entreguei o relatório à Sua Excelência o embaixador Correct answer.
  3. Cheguei à Brasília ontem
  4. Assisti à uma palestra sobre comércio exterior

Explanation

Usa-se crase antes de pronomes de tratamento que exigem artigo, como "Sua Excelência", quando o verbo pede a preposição "a". Não se usa crase diante de "Vossa Senhoria", nem antes de "uma", e nomes de cidade geralmente dispensam artigo.

Question 9Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

No romance "Dom Casmurro", a dúvida sobre a traição de Capitu é construída sobretudo por meio de:

  1. narrador onisciente que confirma os fatos ao leitor
  2. documentos oficiais anexados ao enredo
  3. narração em primeira pessoa de um narrador suspeito Correct answer.
  4. cartas de Capitu que revelam a verdade

Explanation

Bentinho narra em primeira pessoa e apresenta sua versão dos fatos, marcada por ciúme e ressentimento, o que impede o leitor de tomar sua interpretação como verdade objetiva. A ambiguidade é efeito dessa focalização limitada e interessada.

Question 10Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

O movimento modernista de 1922 no Brasil caracterizou-se, entre outros traços, por:

  1. valorização da linguagem coloquial e da temática nacional Correct answer.
  2. recusa de qualquer vínculo com a realidade brasileira
  3. predomínio do rigor formal simbolista e do misticismo
  4. retorno ao soneto parnasiano e à métrica rígida

Explanation

A primeira fase modernista rompeu com o academicismo parnasiano e buscou uma expressão nacional, incorporando a fala cotidiana e temas brasileiros. O verso livre e a irreverência formal são marcas desse período.

Question 11Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Em "Não obstante as dificuldades, a equipe concluiu o relatório", o conectivo destacado expressa:

  1. comparação
  2. explicação
  3. concessão Correct answer.
  4. conclusão

Explanation

"Não obstante" introduz uma circunstância que poderia dificultar o fato principal, mas não o impede, o que corresponde à concessão. Equivale a "apesar de" ou "embora".

Question 12Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Assinale a alternativa em que o pronome relativo está empregado de acordo com a regência exigida pelo verbo.

  1. A proposta que me opus foi rejeitada
  2. A proposta onde me opus foi rejeitada
  3. A proposta a que me opus foi rejeitada Correct answer.
  4. A proposta cuja me opus foi rejeitada

Explanation

O verbo "opor-se" exige a preposição "a", que deve anteceder o pronome relativo: "a que me opus". O relativo retoma o antecedente e mantém a preposição pedida pelo verbo.

Question 13Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Sobre a obra de Machado de Assis, é correto afirmar que:

  1. sua produção se limita à poesia parnasiana
  2. toda a sua ficção segue os padrões do romance romântico de folhetim
  3. sua obra teatral é considerada o marco inicial do Realismo brasileiro
  4. a partir de "Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas" consolida-se sua fase realista, marcada pela ironia e pela análise crítica da sociedade Correct answer.

Explanation

A publicação de "Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas", em 1881, é tomada como divisor de águas que inaugura a fase realista do autor, com narrador defunto, ironia e desmontagem dos valores sociais. Antes disso, Machado produziu romances de feição romântica.

Question 14Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Na frase "O ministro referiu-se ao acordo e à sua importância", o acento grave justifica-se porque:

  1. o artigo "a" é obrigatório antes de qualquer substantivo abstrato
  2. a crase é facultativa antes de pronomes possessivos femininos
  3. "importância" é palavra feminina e o verbo exige a preposição "a" Correct answer.
  4. o verbo "referir-se" exige a preposição "a" apenas antes de nomes masculinos

Explanation

O verbo "referir-se" rege a preposição "a", que se funde com o artigo feminino "a" que antecede "importância", resultando em "à". A crase é a fusão de preposição e artigo.

Question 15Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Em "Ele disse que viria, mas não veio", a oração "que viria" classifica-se como:

  1. oração coordenada sindética adversativa
  2. subordinada adverbial condicional
  3. subordinada substantiva objetiva direta Correct answer.
  4. subordinada adjetiva restritiva

Explanation

A oração introduzida por "que" completa o sentido do verbo transitivo direto "disse", funcionando como objeto direto, o que a caracteriza como substantiva objetiva direta. Não retoma antecedente nem expressa circunstância.

Question 16Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Considere as frases: I. "Havia muitos candidatos na sala." II. "Existiam muitos candidatos na sala." Sobre a concordância, é correto afirmar que:

  1. apenas a II está correta, porque "haver" deve concordar com o sujeito
  2. ambas estão corretas, pois "haver" é impessoal e "existir" concorda com o sujeito Correct answer.
  3. apenas a I está correta, porque "existir" é sempre impessoal
  4. ambas estão incorretas, pois os verbos deveriam ficar no singular

Explanation

O verbo "haver", no sentido de existir, é impessoal e permanece na terceira pessoa do singular, enquanto "existir" é pessoal e concorda com o sujeito "muitos candidatos". Por isso, as duas construções exemplificadas estão adequadas à norma-padrão.

Question 17Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

No poema "A Máquina do Mundo", de Carlos Drummond de Andrade, a máquina que se revela ao eu lírico representa:

  1. a solução técnica para os problemas sociais brasileiros
  2. uma totalidade de sentido que é oferecida e depois recusada Correct answer.
  3. a paródia direta dos poemas épicos de Camões
  4. a exaltação do progresso industrial modernista

Explanation

O poema encena a aparição de uma máquina que oferece ao eu lírico a chave de compreensão do mundo, mas ele a recusa, permanecendo no plano do cotidiano. A recusa instaura a dúvida e a consciência da incompletude.

Question 18Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Leia: "Se ele tivesse estudado mais, teria sido aprovado." A construção revela:

  1. certeza sobre o futuro
  2. hipótese não realizada no passado Correct answer.
  3. fato real ocorrido no passado
  4. ordem expressa pelo falante

Explanation

A correlação entre o pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto do subjuntivo e o futuro do pretérito composto indica uma condição que não se cumpriu no passado e sua consequência hipotética. É o período condicional irreal.

Question 19Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Sobre a Geração de 1930 do romance brasileiro, é correto afirmar que:

  1. retomou os ideais parnasianos e a idealização romântica do índio
  2. abandonou a temática regional em favor da introspecção psicológica urbana exclusivamente
  3. voltou-se para o retrato crítico das desigualdades sociais e das regiões brasileiras Correct answer.
  4. restringiu-se à poesia e não produziu romances relevantes

Explanation

A geração de 1930, com autores como Graciliano Ramos, Rachel de Queiroz e Jorge Amado, produziu romances de cunho social e regional, denunciando desigualdades e retratando o Nordeste e outras regiões. É o chamado romance de 30.

Question 20Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature

Em "Os alunos cujos pais compareceram à reunião receberam o certificado", a oração adjetiva é restritiva porque:

  1. delimita o universo dos alunos a que se refere o antecedente Correct answer.
  2. exerce função de sujeito da oração principal
  3. retoma toda a oração principal como antecedente
  4. está entre vírgulas e acrescenta informação acessória

Explanation

Sem vírgulas, a oração adjetiva restringe o antecedente, identificando apenas os alunos cujos pais compareceram. A ausência de pausa é o critério formal que distingue a restritiva da explicativa.

Question 21History of Brazil

Which treaty, signed in 1750, attempted to redefine the boundaries between Portuguese and Spanish possessions in South America by replacing the meridian of Tordesillas with natural landmarks?

  1. Treaty of Lisbon
  2. Treaty of San Ildefonso
  3. Treaty of Utrecht
  4. Treaty of Madrid Correct answer.

Explanation

The Treaty of Madrid of 1750 substituted the abstract line of Tordesillas with physical features such as rivers and mountain ranges, chiefly to legitimize Portuguese expansion into the Amazon and the south. It was negotiated by Alexandre de Gusmão and later revised by the 1761 and 1777 agreements.

Question 22History of Brazil

The system of hereditary captaincies established in Brazil in 1534 was created primarily to:

  1. Establish Jesuit control over indigenous labor
  2. Promote colonization and defense of the coast at private expense Correct answer.
  3. Centralize royal administration under a single governor-general
  4. Regulate trade through the Portuguese East India Company

Explanation

The crown divided Brazil into fifteen donatary captaincies granted to private grantees, who were responsible for settling and defending their lands with their own resources. The system reflected limited royal capacity and the strategic need to occupy territory against foreign incursions.

Question 23History of Brazil

Which economic activity dominated the Brazilian colonial export economy during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, centered in the Northeast?

  1. Gold mining in Minas Gerais
  2. Sugar production on engenhos Correct answer.
  3. Coffee cultivation in the Paraíba Valley
  4. Rubber extraction in the Amazon

Explanation

Sugar planted on engenhos along the northeastern coast, especially in Pernambuco and Bahia, anchored the colonial economy before the gold discoveries of the late seventeenth century. It relied on enslaved African labor and Atlantic markets.

Question 24History of Brazil

The Dutch occupation of Pernambuco between 1630 and 1654 is associated with which governor who promoted religious toleration and urban improvements in Recife?

  1. Maurice of Nassau Correct answer.
  2. Michiel de Ruyter
  3. Johan de Witt
  4. William of Orange

Explanation

Count Johan Maurits of Nassau-Siegen governed Dutch Brazil and sponsored artistic and scientific missions as well as infrastructure in Recife. His administration is remembered for relative religious tolerance toward Catholics and Jews.

Question 25History of Brazil

The Quilombo dos Palmares, the largest maroon settlement in colonial Brazil, was finally destroyed in 1694 by forces led by:

  1. Domingos Jorge Velho Correct answer.
  2. Henrique Dias
  3. Salvador Correia de Sá
  4. Felipe Camarão

Explanation

The bandeirante Domingos Jorge Velho commanded the expedition that captured the main Palmares settlement at Serra da Barriga in 1694, ending decades of resistance. Palmares had resisted repeated attacks since the early seventeenth century.

Question 26History of Brazil

The Inconfidência Mineira of 1789 drew ideological inspiration mainly from:

  1. Iberian scholasticism and royal absolutism
  2. Protestant Reformation theology
  3. Marxist theories of class struggle
  4. Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolution Correct answer.

Explanation

The conspirators in Minas Gerais read Enlightenment authors and followed news of the American independence movement, combining these with grievances over taxation and the derrama. The movement was repressed before any uprising occurred.

Question 27History of Brazil

Which event directly triggered the transfer of the Portuguese royal court to Brazil in 1808?

  1. The British blockade of Lisbon
  2. The Brazilian independence movement
  3. The death of Queen Maria I
  4. The French invasion of Portugal under Napoleon Correct answer.

Explanation

Facing the advancing French armies under Junot, the prince regent João and the court sailed to Brazil under British protection. The arrival in Rio de Janeiro reoriented the empire's administrative center.

Question 28History of Brazil

The opening of Brazilian ports to friendly nations in 1808 had which principal economic consequence?

  1. It closed Brazilian markets to foreign goods
  2. It ended the colonial monopoly and exposed Brazil to British commercial dominance Correct answer.
  3. It transferred the capital to São Paulo
  4. It immediately abolished slavery in Brazil

Explanation

The decree of opening the ports broke the metropolitan monopoly and allowed direct trade with Britain and other nations, which favored British manufactures. This commercial liberalization deepened Brazil's dependence on British trade.

Question 29History of Brazil

Brazil's independence in 1822 resulted in a form of government that was:

  1. A federal republic modeled on the United States
  2. A constitutional monarchy under Pedro I Correct answer.
  3. A parliamentary republic with a figurehead president
  4. A military dictatorship

Explanation

Independence preserved the monarchy, with Pedro I crowned emperor and a constitution promulgated in 1824. This continuity distinguished Brazil from the Spanish American republics.

Question 30History of Brazil

The Constitution of 1824 established which of the following features of the Brazilian Empire?

  1. Confederal autonomy for each province
  2. A moderating power vested in the emperor Correct answer.
  3. Universal suffrage without income restrictions
  4. A unitary republic with a directly elected president

Explanation

The charter created a fourth branch, the moderating power, allowing the emperor to dissolve the Chamber and appoint ministers. It also imposed a property-based suffrage and a unitary structure.

Question 31History of Brazil

The Cabanagem revolt, which occurred in Pará between 1835 and 1840, is best characterized as:

  1. A popular uprising of poor free people and indigenous groups demanding better conditions Correct answer.
  2. A separatist movement of the sugar planters of Pernambuco
  3. A military rebellion of the imperial guard in Rio de Janeiro
  4. A slave revolt in the coffee plantations of São Paulo

Explanation

The Cabanagem involved poor cabanos, indigenous peoples, and enslaved people in a violent struggle over poverty and political exclusion in the Amazon. It was one of the deadliest regency-period revolts.

Question 32History of Brazil

The Lei Eusébio de Queirós of 1850 addressed which issue?

  1. The suppression of the transatlantic slave trade Correct answer.
  2. The creation of the national guard
  3. The regulation of land ownership
  4. The abolition of slavery itself

Explanation

The law made the importation of enslaved Africans illegal and strengthened enforcement against the slave trade. It did not free those already enslaved, whose emancipation followed decades later.

Question 33History of Brazil

The Lei de Terras of 1850 stipulated that public lands could be acquired only by:

  1. Occupation and improvement over five years
  2. Purchase from the state Correct answer.
  3. Grant by the Catholic Church
  4. Inheritance from the crown

Explanation

The law required purchase as the sole legitimate means of acquiring public land, aiming to regulate settlement and restrict access for poor free people and freed slaves. It was enacted alongside the slave trade ban.

Question 34History of Brazil

The Paraguayan War, fought between 1864 and 1870, pitted Paraguay against which alliance?

  1. Brazil and Chile
  2. Argentina and Bolivia
  3. Portugal and Spain
  4. Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay Correct answer.

Explanation

The Triple Alliance of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay fought Paraguay in the deadliest interstate conflict in South American history. The war ended with Paraguay's devastating defeat in 1870.

Question 35History of Brazil

Which law, passed in 1871, declared that children born to enslaved mothers would be free?

  1. Lei dos Sexagenários
  2. Lei Eusébio de Queirós
  3. Lei do Ventre Livre Correct answer.
  4. Lei Áurea

Explanation

The Rio Branco Law, or Lei do Ventre Livre, freed children born to enslaved women, though it imposed conditions of service until a certain age. It was a gradualist measure that did not immediately end slavery.

Question 36History of Brazil

The Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 resulted primarily from:

  1. A nationwide popular plebiscite
  2. A war with Argentina
  3. A royal decree by Pedro II
  4. A military movement supported by republican elites and dissatisfied army officers Correct answer.

Explanation

Deodoro da Fonseca led a military intervention that deposed Pedro II, backed by republican civilian groups and army officers resentful of the monarchy. There was little popular mobilization.

Question 37History of Brazil

The política dos governadores, consolidated during the Old Republic, was a system designed to:

  1. Nationalize foreign-owned industries
  2. Guarantee federal support for state oligarchies through reciprocal political arrangements Correct answer.
  3. Establish direct elections for the presidency
  4. Create a national system of public education

Explanation

The arrangement, associated with Campos Sales, linked the federal executive and state oligarchies through mutual recognition of electoral results and control of the Chamber. It helped sustain the coffee-and-milk dominance of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.

Question 38History of Brazil

The Revolta da Vacina of 1904 in Rio de Janeiro was triggered by:

  1. A new tax on coffee exports
  2. A compulsory smallpox vaccination campaign imposed amid urban reforms Correct answer.
  3. The nationalization of the port of Santos
  4. A proposed increase in military salaries

Explanation

The mandatory vaccination drive conducted by Oswaldo Cruz, combined with forced urban renewal that displaced poor residents, sparked a violent popular revolt. The episode illustrates tensions between public health policy and popular liberties.

Question 39History of Brazil

The Revolution of 1930 that brought Getúlio Vargas to power is best understood as:

  1. A communist insurrection led by the PCB
  2. A royalist restoration attempt
  3. A coalition of dissident oligarchies and military groups that ended the Old Republic's dominant political arrangement Correct answer.
  4. A separatist movement in the South

Explanation

Vargas led a coalition of Minas Gerais, Paraíba, and Rio Grande do Sul elites with military support against the São Paulo-dominated order. The revolution ended the Old Republic and began the Vargas era.

Question 40History of Brazil

The Estado Novo established by Vargas in 1937 was characterized by:

  1. An authoritarian regime with censorship, centralized power, and corporatist labor legislation Correct answer.
  2. A liberal democracy with competitive multiparty elections
  3. A socialist economy with collective ownership of industry
  4. A federal monarchy under a new dynasty

Explanation

The Estado Novo dissolved Congress, imposed censorship through the DIP, and consolidated executive power while co-opting labor through corporatist structures. It lasted until 1945.

Question 41World History

Which treaty, signed in 1648, is conventionally taken as marking the end of the Thirty Years' War and the consolidation of the sovereign territorial state in Europe?

  1. The Treaty of Utrecht
  2. The Peace of Augsburg
  3. The Peace of Westphalia Correct answer.
  4. The Treaty of Vienna

Explanation

The Peace of Westphalia, concluded at Münster and Osnabrück in 1648, ended the Thirty Years' War in the Empire and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic. It is conventionally associated with the consolidation of sovereign territorial states and the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.

Question 42World History

The Meiji Restoration of 1868 is best characterized as which of the following?

  1. A peasant uprising that abolished the emperor's title
  2. A movement that overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate and restored imperial rule as part of a program of modernization Correct answer.
  3. A religious reform that rejected all Western technology
  4. A foreign invasion that imposed a republican constitution on Japan

Explanation

The Meiji Restoration was a political upheaval led largely by lower-ranking samurai from domains such as Satsuma and Chōshū, which ended the Tokugawa shogunate and nominally returned power to the emperor. It was accompanied by deliberate policies of industrialization, military reform, and legal modernization aimed at preserving Japanese independence.

Question 43World History

Which event is conventionally regarded as the immediate trigger of the First World War in 1914?

  1. The British declaration of war on Germany
  2. The German invasion of Belgium
  3. The Russian mobilization against Austria-Hungary
  4. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo Correct answer.

Explanation

The assassination of the Austrian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 set off the July Crisis. Austria-Hungary's ultimatum to Serbia and the ensuing chain of alliance mobilizations followed from that event.

Question 44World History

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 is primarily associated with which development?

  1. The creation of the League of Nations
  2. The founding of the United Nations
  3. The partition of Africa among European powers Correct answer.
  4. The decolonization of Asia

Explanation

The Berlin Conference established rules for European claims in Africa, including the principle of effective occupation, and accelerated the scramble for African territory. No African representatives took part in the negotiations.

Question 45World History

Which revolution is associated with the slogan 'liberty, equality, fraternity' and the storming of the Bastille in 1789?

  1. The American Revolution
  2. The Russian Revolution
  3. The Haitian Revolution
  4. The French Revolution Correct answer.

Explanation

The French Revolution began in 1789 with the meeting of the Estates-General and the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. Its slogans and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen became reference points for later political movements.

Question 46World History

The Marshall Plan, launched in 1948, was designed primarily to do which of the following?

  1. Finance the economic reconstruction of Western Europe Correct answer.
  2. Provide military assistance to NATO members
  3. Fund the decolonization of Africa
  4. Establish the European Economic Community

Explanation

The Marshall Plan, formally the European Recovery Program, channeled American financial and technical assistance to Western European states after the Second World War. Its aims included economic reconstruction, political stabilization, and containing the influence of communist parties in the recipient countries.

Question 47World History

The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 was an agreement between which two powers?

  1. Portugal and the Ottoman Empire
  2. Spain and Portugal Correct answer.
  3. Spain and the Netherlands
  4. England and France

Explanation

Spain and Portugal agreed at Tordesillas to divide the non-European world along a meridian, adjusting the line set by papal arbitration. The arrangement allowed Portugal to claim territory in what became Brazil while Spain secured most of the Americas.

Question 48World History

Which of the following best describes the principle of 'effective occupation' as used in late nineteenth-century imperial law?

  1. Territory could be claimed by the first explorer to sight it
  2. A claim to territory required actual administrative or military presence, not merely a symbolic act Correct answer.
  3. Colonial boundaries were to be settled by plebiscite
  4. Indigenous rulers retained full sovereignty over ceded lands

Explanation

The doctrine of effective occupation held that a state had to demonstrate real authority in a territory, through administration, treaties, or military presence, for its claim to be recognized by other powers. It was codified in the deliberations of the Berlin Conference and used to justify rapid expansion inland.

Question 49World History

The Congress of Vienna of 1814-1815 sought above all to achieve which objective?

  1. A balance of power and the restoration of legitimate dynasties Correct answer.
  2. The abolition of the Ottoman Empire
  3. The spread of republican government across Europe
  4. The unification of Germany and Italy

Explanation

The Congress of Vienna, guided by Metternich and other statesmen, aimed to restore a stable balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars and to reinstate legitimate monarchies. It created the Concert of Europe, a consultative framework for managing great-power disputes.

Question 50World History

The Opium Wars of the mid-nineteenth century resulted in which of the following for China?

  1. The acquisition of overseas colonies in Southeast Asia
  2. The establishment of a republican constitution
  3. The opening of treaty ports and the cession of Hong Kong to Britain Correct answer.
  4. The abolition of the imperial examination system

Explanation

The First Opium War ended with the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, which ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain, opened five treaty ports, and fixed tariffs. Subsequent conflicts extended extraterritorial privileges and further concessions, marking the start of the unequal treaties.