UFPR Vestibular key terms

Linguistic function centred on the message's content and on transmitting information objectively, typical of news reports and scientific texts. It contrasts with functions centred on the sender or on the reader.

Linguistic function that seeks to influence the reader's behaviour, common in advertising, campaigns and instructions. It uses verbs in the imperative and second-person address to persuade or direct.

Linguistic function in which the form of the message draws attention to itself through rhythm, sound and word choice. Frequent in poetry, slogans and literary prose.

Presence of one text inside another through quotation, allusion, parody or paraphrase. Recognising it depends on the reader's prior knowledge of the referenced works and cultural repertoire.

Textual practice that reworks another text, usually with ironic or critical intent, keeping recognizable traces of the original while changing its meaning or tone.

Figure of speech in which the stated meaning contradicts the intended meaning, often to criticise or mock. It depends on context and shared knowledge between writer and reader.

Denotation is the literal, dictionary meaning of a word; connotation is its figurative or emotional charge, shaped by context and culture. Literary texts exploit both levels at once.

Comparison implied without a connective, in which one element is described through another because of a shared trait. It differs from simile, which uses comparison words.

Set of linguistic mechanisms that link words, sentences and paragraphs, such as pronouns, conjunctions and lexical repetition. It ensures the text holds together on the surface.

Global semantic and logical unity of a text, guaranteeing that its ideas are consistent and progress meaningfully. It depends on cohesion but also on the writer's argumentative organisation.

Words and expressions such as conjunctions and adverbial phrases that establish logical relations between clauses, like cause, contrast, addition or conclusion. They guide the reader's interpretation.

The central claim a text defends, usually stated in the introduction and developed through arguments. Identifying it is essential for summarising or evaluating argumentative writing.

Process of defending a viewpoint with evidence, reasoning and examples in order to convince a reader. It involves anticipating counterarguments and refuting them.

Objection or opposing position raised within an argumentative text and then answered by the author. Its presence strengthens credibility by showing the debate has more than one side.

Socially stabilised forms of communication, such as news reports, editorials, letters and posters, each with typical purpose, structure and register. They adapt to the situation in which they circulate.

Degrees of language shaped by context, audience and purpose. Formal register follows grammar norms and is required in academic writing; informal register is typical of everyday conversation.

Natural diversity of a language across regions, social groups and situations. It includes geographical, social and historical variation and does not imply inferiority of any variety.

Set of grammar and usage conventions taught in school and valued in formal written communication. It is one variety among others and is not linguistically superior to popular varieties.

Expressive devices that depart from literal language to create emphasis, imagery or emotion, such as metaphor, hyperbole, personification and antithesis. They are frequent in literature and advertising.

Eighteenth-century European intellectual movement that defended reason, science, individual rights and criticism of absolutism and religious authority. It influenced the French Revolution and modern political thought.

Political theory holding that legitimate authority derives from an agreement among free individuals rather than divine right. Associated with thinkers such as Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.

Political and social upheaval beginning in 1789 that overthrew the French monarchy and privileged order, spreading ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity across Europe and the Americas.

Process begun in eighteenth-century Britain that replaced artisanal production with mechanised factory industry, transforming labour, cities and social classes.

Growth of urban populations and the physical expansion of cities, often driven by rural migration and industrialisation. It brings demands for housing, sanitation and transport.

Migration of people from the countryside to cities in search of work, education or services. In Brazil it intensified from the mid-twentieth century with mechanised agriculture.

Period from 1930 to 1945 in which Getúlio Vargas governed Brazil, centralising power, promoting industrialisation and creating labour legislation while restricting political freedoms.

Political style that builds a direct bond between a leader and the masses, often presenting the leader as protector of the people against elites. Common in twentieth-century Latin America.

Brazilian authoritarian regime from 1964 to 1985 marked by suppression of political rights, censorship and torture, alongside state-driven economic growth and large infrastructure projects.

Transition from authoritarian rule to democratic institutions in Brazil after 1985, including the 1988 Constitution, direct elections and the restoration of civil liberties.

Brazilian charter known as the citizen constitution, extending social rights in health, education and labour and establishing the democratic framework after the military regime.

Intensification of economic, cultural and informational flows across national borders, driven by technology and trade liberalisation. It produces integration but also inequalities.

Model of growth that meets present needs without compromising resources for future generations, balancing economic, social and environmental dimensions. Central to debates on climate and energy.

Long-term shifts in global temperature and weather patterns, largely driven by greenhouse gas emissions from human activity. They affect agriculture, water supply and coastal populations.

Text genre required in most Brazilian entrance exams, in which the candidate defends a thesis with arguments and a conclusion, written in standard Portuguese and third person.

Concluding element of an argumentative essay that suggests concrete actions to address the problem discussed, specifying agent, action, means and purpose.

Body of knowledge from history, literature, science or current events used in an essay to support arguments. It must be relevant and properly connected to the thesis.

Serious flaw in which the essay addresses a subject different from the one proposed, usually resulting in a heavy penalty or zero score in the writing test.

Restatement of another text's content in different words while preserving its meaning. In essays it must be accompanied by the author's own analysis to avoid mere repetition.