Belarus Medical Specialist Attestation flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Law on Healthcare 1993

Belarusian framework law governing state guarantees of medical care, patient rights, medical secrecy, consent and financing of the healthcare system.

Informed voluntary consent

Patient's documented agreement to a medical intervention after being informed of diagnosis, procedure, risks, benefits and alternatives; required before treatment except emergencies.

Medical record form 025/у

The outpatient medical card used in Belarusian polyclinics; a primary legal document recording visits, diagnoses, investigations and treatment.

Territorial-district principle

Organisation of primary care so that a district physician is responsible for a defined population, ensuring continuity and accessibility of care.

CURB-65 score

Pneumonia severity score: confusion, urea >7 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥30, low blood pressure, age ≥65; guides site of care.

Hypertension threshold

Office blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg on repeated measurements defines hypertension; home or ambulatory threshold is ≥135/85 mmHg.

McBurney point

Point one-third along a line from the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus; tenderness here suggests acute appendicitis.

Pneumoperitoneum

Free air in the peritoneal cavity, usually from a perforated viscus; seen as subdiaphragmatic gas on upright imaging and requires emergency surgery.

Naegele's rule

Estimated due date = first day of last menstrual period + 7 days − 3 months, corresponding to 280 days of gestation.

Preeclampsia definition

Blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks of gestation with proteinuria ≥0.3 g/24 h or evidence of organ dysfunction.

Exclusive breastfeeding

Feeding an infant only breast milk, without water or other foods, for the first 6 months of life, followed by complementary feeding.

Croup (acute laryngotracheitis)

Viral inflammation of the larynx and trachea causing barking cough, hoarseness and inspiratory stridor; treated with dexamethasone and, if severe, nebulised epinephrine.

Adult CPR compression ratio

Chest compressions at 100–120 per minute, depth 5–6 cm, with a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for a single or two rescuers.

Glasgow Coma Scale

Score summing eye (1–4), verbal (1–5) and motor (1–6) responses; total 3–15, with ≤8 indicating need for airway protection.

Anaphylaxis first-line treatment

Intramuscular adrenaline 0.5 mg of 1:1000 solution into the anterolateral thigh, repeated every 5 minutes as needed, with fluids and oxygen.

Vaccine cold chain

Maintenance of vaccines at +2 to +8 °C from manufacture to administration; freeze-sensitive vaccines must never be frozen.

Notifiable disease reporting

Requirement to report certain infectious diseases immediately by telephone and in writing (form 058/у) to the sanitary-epidemiological service.

Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis

Wound washing plus rabies vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28; rabies immunoglobulin added for category III exposures.

Herd immunity threshold

The proportion of a population that must be immune to interrupt transmission; approximately 95% for measles and diphtheria, 90% for polio.

Bazett correction

Formula correcting QT interval for heart rate: QTc = QT / √(RR in seconds); normal QTc is generally below 440 ms in men.

Spirometry obstruction criterion

A post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.70 defines an obstructive ventilatory defect; reduced FVC with preserved ratio suggests restriction.

Barthel index

A 0–100 scale assessing independence in activities of daily living such as feeding, bathing, mobility and continence; used in rehabilitation.

Mineral water mineralisation classes

Classification by dissolved solids: low (<2 g/L), medium (2–15 g/L), high (15–35 g/L) and brine (>35 g/L).

Non-maleficence

Ethical principle requiring avoidance of harm; interventions must have benefits that outweigh risks to the patient.

Surgical safety checklist

Three-phase checklist (sign-in, time-out, sign-out) confirming patient identity, site, procedure, allergies and instrument counts before and after surgery.

Incidence rate

Number of new cases of a disease in a defined period divided by the population at risk, usually multiplied by 1000.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity = true positives/(true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives/(true negatives + false positives).

Relative risk

Ratio of incidence in exposed to incidence in unexposed persons; a value greater than 1 indicates increased risk with exposure.

Hand hygiene five moments

WHO indications for hand hygiene: before patient contact, before aseptic task, after body fluid exposure, after patient contact, after touching surroundings.

Magnesium sulfate in eclampsia

Drug of choice for seizure prevention and control; toxicity manifests as loss of deep tendon reflexes, respiratory depression and oliguria.

Kawasaki disease treatment

Intravenous immunoglobulin plus aspirin to reduce risk of coronary artery aneurysms; diagnosis requires fever ≥5 days with four or more clinical criteria.

Sepsis one-hour bundle

Measure lactate, obtain blood cultures, give broad-spectrum antibiotics and 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate ≥4 mmol/L within one hour.

CT pulmonary angiography

First-line imaging for suspected pulmonary embolism; contrast-enhanced CT of pulmonary arteries showing intraluminal filling defects.