Belarus Medical Specialist Attestation key terms

A legal duty of healthcare workers to keep confidential any information about a patient's health, diagnosis, treatment and private life learned while providing care, with disclosure allowed only in cases expressly defined by law or with the patient's consent.

A patient's voluntary agreement to a diagnostic or therapeutic intervention given after receiving understandable information about its purpose, expected benefit, risks and alternatives, documented in the medical record before the procedure begins.

A normative document approved by the Ministry of Health that defines mandatory standards for diagnosing and treating a specific disease, including the required scope of examination, treatment options and criteria for quality assessment.

A normative document setting the minimum guaranteed volume, cost and quality indicators of medical care for a defined patient group, used by healthcare organizations for planning, financing and internal quality control.

The principal inpatient case history document in which clinicians record the patient's complaints, history, examination findings, diagnoses, orders, test results and daily progress notes; it is a legal and accounting document kept for a defined retention period.

The first-time determination by a medical rehabilitation expert commission that a person has a persistent impairment of health and activity limitation requiring social protection; it establishes the disability group and the individual rehabilitation programme.

The procedure by which a treating physician and a medical advisory commission certify that an employee cannot work because of illness or injury, issue the certificate of incapacity for work and decide on referral for medical rehabilitation expert assessment.

A chronic condition in which arterial blood pressure is persistently elevated, usually defined as office readings of 140/90 mm Hg or higher on repeated measurement, and which is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction and chronic kidney disease.

A group of emergency conditions caused by acute reduction of coronary blood flow, encompassing unstable angina and myocardial infarction with or without ST-segment elevation; it requires urgent electrocardiography and reperfusion therapy when indicated.

A clinical syndrome in which structural or functional cardiac abnormality impairs the heart's ability to fill or eject blood, producing breathlessness, fatigue, fluid retention and reduced exercise tolerance classified by functional class.

A set of measures and techniques aimed at preventing microorganisms from entering a surgical wound, the patient's tissues or sterile materials, including sterilization of instruments, sterile drapes and gowns, and hand antisepsis before operations.

The destruction or inhibition of microorganisms on living tissues such as skin, mucous membranes and wounds using chemical or physical agents, applied before surgery, before injections and during wound care.

An infection developing in the tissues opened or manipulated during an operation, appearing within a defined postoperative period and classified as superficial incisional, deep incisional or organ-space depending on the depth of involvement.

A pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by new-onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation accompanied by proteinuria or other signs of maternal organ dysfunction, which can progress to eclampsia with seizures and requires close monitoring and timely delivery.

Glucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy, detected by screening with an oral glucose tolerance test, which increases the risk of fetal macrosomia, birth trauma and later maternal type 2 diabetes.

Excessive bleeding after childbirth, conventionally blood loss of 500 mL or more after vaginal delivery or 1000 mL or more after caesarean section, most often caused by uterine atony and treated as an obstetric emergency.

Feeding an infant only with breast milk, without additional water, formula or other foods, for the first six months of life, after which complementary foods are introduced while breastfeeding continues.

A disorder of infancy in which insufficient vitamin D leads to impaired calcium and phosphate metabolism and defective bone mineralization, producing craniotabes, delayed fontanelle closure, rachitic rosary and bowing of the legs.

Administration of vaccines at ages and in sequences defined by the national immunization calendar, covering tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, rubella and other infections, with documented contraindications and reactions.

A coordinated sequence of chest compressions, rescue breaths and, when available, defibrillation and drugs, performed to restore circulation and breathing in a person with cardiac arrest, following current basic and advanced life support algorithms.

Delivery of a controlled electrical shock through the chest wall to terminate ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia and allow the heart's natural pacemaker activity to resume.

A severe, rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction with airway swelling, bronchospasm, hypotension and circulatory collapse, treated immediately with intramuscular adrenaline, oxygen, fluids and airway support.

Indirect protection of susceptible individuals that arises when a sufficiently large proportion of a population is immune to an infection, reducing transmission so that outbreaks cannot sustain themselves.

An uninterrupted system of temperature-controlled storage and transport of vaccines from the manufacturer to the point of use, keeping them within the required temperature range so that potency is preserved.

Infection-control measures used for pathogens spread by small droplet nuclei that remain suspended in air, requiring a fit-tested respirator, negative-pressure or ventilated isolation room and restricted patient movement.

Infection-control measures for pathogens spread by direct or indirect contact, requiring gloves, gown, dedicated equipment and hand hygiene before and after every patient contact, with the patient isolated as appropriate.

The property of a material or tissue that attenuates X-rays strongly and therefore appears light on a radiograph, in contrast to radiolucent structures such as air, which appear dark.

A dosimetric quantity expressing the radiation dose delivered during a computed tomography scan, used by radiology staff to compare protocols and keep patient exposure as low as reasonably achievable.

A diagnostic technique that uses the frequency shift of sound waves reflected from moving blood cells to assess blood flow direction, velocity and vessel patency, commonly applied to arteries, veins and the fetal circulation.

A coordinated set of medical, physical, psychological and social measures aimed at restoring or compensating lost function, reducing disability and improving the patient's independence and quality of life after illness or injury.

Use of natural mineral waters, therapeutic muds and peloids, applied internally or externally under controlled temperature and duration, as part of sanatorium-resort treatment for chronic diseases.

Harm to a patient caused by diagnostic or therapeutic actions, including medication errors, healthcare-associated infection and procedural complications, which must be identified, disclosed and analysed for prevention.

The branch of medical ethics concerned with the physician's duties and proper conduct toward patients, colleagues and society, including confidentiality, truthfulness, respect for autonomy and avoidance of harm.

An event or circumstance that could have caused or did cause preventable harm to a patient during healthcare delivery, reported through the organization's internal incident reporting and learning system.

State activity that monitors compliance with sanitary legislation and hygienic norms, investigates outbreaks and applies administrative measures to prevent the spread of infectious and non-infectious diseases.

The hygienic standard defining the highest concentration of a harmful substance in air, water, soil or food that is considered not to cause disease or adverse health effects in exposed people over a specified exposure period.

The branch of hygiene studying working conditions and their effect on health, setting standards for noise, vibration, dust, chemicals and physical load to prevent occupational disease and work-related injury.