Ethics and Jurisprudence
Ethical framework
Ethics and jurisprudence questions ask you to apply principles, not just recall rules. Core principles include respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and confidentiality. Informed consent requires capacity, adequate information, voluntariness, and a clear decision; it is a process, not a signature. Privacy laws and professional standards govern collection, use, disclosure, and retention of personal health information. Know when disclosure is permitted or required, and disclose only the minimum necessary. Jurisprudence also covers reporting obligations, insurance, and business practices; know your local rules rather than guessing.
Conflicts and boundaries
A fiduciary relationship means the client's interests come first. Avoid conflicts of interest, dual roles, and financial incentives that distort recommendations. Gifts, bartering, and social media contact can blur boundaries. When a conflict is unavoidable, disclose it and manage it transparently.
Traps
Common distractors include assuming a signed form settles every future question, treating a minor's assent as sufficient without a substitute decision-maker, and sharing information with family members without consent. Another trap is believing that confidentiality ends when a client mentions risk; apply the legal and professional test rather than reacting automatically.
Worked example
A client's employer asks for detailed test results. You confirm the client's consent, share only the agreed information, and document the disclosure. If the client lacks capacity, follow the substitute decision-maker process.
Rule of thumb
Ask four questions: What is the ethical issue? Who decides? What information is needed? What is the least intrusive action that respects rights and safety?