OBC Designer Legal/Process study materials

OBC Designer Legal/Process practice questions

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Question 1Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Under the Building Code Act, 1992, who has the authority to appoint a chief building official for a municipality?

The provincial building code commission
The Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing
The local planning board
The municipal council Correct answer.

Explanation

The Act requires municipal councils to appoint a chief building official and the necessary inspectors to administer and enforce the Act within the municipality. The appointment is a municipal responsibility, not a provincial one, and the chief building official reports through the municipal structure.

Question 2Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

A building permit application is filed with a municipality. Within what period must the chief building official issue or refuse the permit for a building that complies with the Code?

10 days after the application is made
60 days after the application is made
As soon as practicable with no fixed limit
30 days after the application is made Correct answer.

Explanation

The Act sets a statutory decision period of 30 days after a complete application is made, within which the chief building official must issue or refuse the permit. This deadline protects applicants from indefinite delay while preserving the official's duty to review compliance.

Question 3Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Which of the following is empowered to make the Ontario Building Code as a regulation under the Building Code Act, 1992?

The Ontario Building Code Commission
The Lieutenant Governor in Council Correct answer.
The Association of Municipalities of Ontario
The chief building official of each municipality

Explanation

The Building Code is a regulation made by the Lieutenant Governor in Council (the provincial Cabinet) under the authority granted by the Act. Municipal officials administer and enforce the Code but cannot amend or create it.

Question 4Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

An owner begins construction of a new detached garage without obtaining a permit where one is required. What is the primary enforcement tool available to the chief building official?

Issue an order to comply or stop work Correct answer.
Impose a fine directly on the owner
Revoke the owner's property title
Refer the matter to the Ontario Land Tribunal

Explanation

The chief building official may issue an order requiring the owner to comply with the Act or to stop work where construction proceeds without a permit. Fines are imposed by a court following prosecution, not directly by the official, and title cannot be revoked through the building code process.

Question 5Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

What is the maximum fine to which an individual may be liable for a first conviction of an offence under the Building Code Act, 1992?

$100,000
$5,000
$25,000
$50,000 Correct answer.

Explanation

The Act establishes a maximum fine of $50,000 for an individual for a first offence, with higher maximums available for subsequent offences and for corporations. These penalties reflect the public safety purpose of the legislation.

Question 6Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

A person who is aggrieved by a decision of a chief building official to refuse a permit may appeal to which body?

The Superior Court of Justice
The Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing
The Ontario Building Code Commission Correct answer.
The municipal council

Explanation

The Act provides for appeals of certain chief building official decisions to the Ontario Building Code Commission, which reviews the matter and makes recommendations. This creates a specialized review route rather than requiring immediate resort to the courts.

Question 7Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Before a building is occupied, what must the owner obtain where the Act and Code require it?

An occupancy permit or authorization Correct answer.
A fire safety plan approval
A property survey
A zoning compliance certificate

Explanation

Where the Code requires it, a building may not be occupied until the chief building official issues an occupancy permit or otherwise authorizes occupation after confirming the relevant requirements are met. Occupancy controls ensure life safety systems are in place before use.

Question 8Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Which statement best describes the purpose of the Building Code Act, 1992 as set out in its provisions?

To set property tax assessment rules
To regulate land use and density across municipalities
To govern the licensing of construction contractors
To establish standards for the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings Correct answer.

Explanation

The Act provides the framework for standards governing construction, renovation, demolition, and change of use of buildings, with the Code containing the technical requirements. Land use, contractor licensing, and taxation fall under other statutes.

Question 9Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

A registered code agency is engaged on a project. What is its role in relation to the chief building official?

It drafts amendments to the Building Code
It replaces the municipality entirely for all enforcement
It hears appeals from the official's decisions
It performs specified inspection and enforcement functions on behalf of the official Correct answer.

Explanation

A registered code agency is a private entity registered to carry out specified functions, such as plan review and inspections, that would otherwise be performed by the chief building official. The official retains overall responsibility and the agency does not displace the municipality's authority.

Question 10Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

An owner wishes to change the use of an existing building to a more hazardous occupancy. What does the Act require?

Only a zoning amendment
Nothing, because no new construction is involved
Only notification to the fire department
Compliance with the Code as it applies to the new use, potentially including a permit Correct answer.

Explanation

A change of use can trigger Code requirements because the new occupancy may demand different levels of fire safety and structural performance. The owner must ensure compliance and obtain any required permit before the change occurs.

Question 11Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

What power does a building inspector have when there are reasonable grounds to believe a building is unsafe?

Suspend the owner's driver's licence
Arrest the owner without warrant
Seize and sell the building
Enter and inspect the building at reasonable times Correct answer.

Explanation

The Act grants inspectors powers of entry to inspect premises at reasonable times upon proper identification to determine compliance and safety. These powers do not extend to seizure, arrest, or unrelated penalties.

Question 12Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Which body is responsible for hearing appeals respecting the sufficiency of the Building Code itself rather than individual permit decisions?

The municipal property standards committee
The chief building official
The Ontario Building Code Commission Correct answer.
The Ontario Land Tribunal

Explanation

The Ontario Building Code Commission has a mandate that includes reviewing matters referred to it regarding the Code and its administration, and making recommendations. It is distinct from land use tribunals and local committees.

Question 13Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

An owner receives an order to comply from the chief building official and disagrees with it. What is the owner's recourse?

File a complaint with the provincial ombudsman
Ignore the order until prosecuted
Apply to the municipality for a variance of the Code
Appeal the order to the Ontario Building Code Commission within the prescribed time Correct answer.

Explanation

The Act provides a right to appeal certain orders to the Building Code Commission within a specified period, allowing independent review before enforcement escalates. Ignoring the order risks prosecution, and municipalities cannot grant Code variances.

Question 14Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

What must a municipality do with respect to the enforcement of the Act within its boundaries?

Delegate all enforcement to the province
Rely solely on voluntary compliance
Appoint a chief building official and inspectors and enforce the Act Correct answer.
Contract enforcement exclusively to the federal government

Explanation

Municipalities are obligated to appoint a chief building official and inspectors and to administer and enforce the Act and Code locally. Enforcement is a municipal responsibility rather than a voluntary or federal matter.

Question 15Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Which of the following best describes the legal status of the Ontario Building Code?

A regulation made under the Building Code Act Correct answer.
A municipal bylaw
A non-binding guideline
A statute passed by the Legislature

Explanation

The Building Code is a regulation, not a statute, and it derives its legal force from the Building Code Act. It is binding law applicable throughout Ontario, unlike a bylaw or guideline.

Question 16Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

A building official discovers that a building was constructed in contravention of the Act. Which action is within the official's authority?

Order that the building be demolished or remedied Correct answer.
Impose a criminal record on the owner
Directly amend the building's registered title
Cancel the owner's mortgage

Explanation

Where work contravenes the Act, the chief building official may issue orders requiring the owner to remedy the situation, which can include removal or correction of non-compliant work. The official cannot alter title, impose criminal records, or affect mortgages.

Question 17Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

What is the time limit for a prosecution of an offence under the Building Code Act, 1992?

Two years from the date of the offence Correct answer.
One year from the discovery of the offence
Six months from the offence
There is no limitation period

Explanation

The Act sets a two-year limitation period running from the time the offence occurred, within which a prosecution must be commenced. This balances the need for timely enforcement with the complexity of construction-related offences.

Question 18Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Which document typically accompanies a permit application to demonstrate that the proposed work will comply with the Code?

A real estate appraisal
A neighbour's consent letter
A set of plans and specifications Correct answer.
A property tax receipt

Explanation

Permit applications must be accompanied by plans, specifications, and other documents sufficient to show that the proposed construction will comply with the Code. Tax receipts, neighbour consents, and appraisals do not demonstrate Code compliance.

Question 19Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

A chief building official refuses to issue a permit on grounds the applicant disputes. Which statement about the appeal is accurate?

The appeal may be filed at any time without limit
The appeal must be filed with the Commission within the time set by the Act Correct answer.
The appeal automatically suspends all enforcement indefinitely
The appeal is heard by the municipal council

Explanation

Appeals to the Building Code Commission must be brought within the period prescribed by the Act and its regulation. Time limits ensure finality, and the appeal body is the Commission rather than council.

Question 20Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

What does the term "building" generally encompass under the Building Code Act, 1992?

Only commercial high-rises
Only structures with a foundation
Structures used for shelter, occupancy, or the support of materials, including parts of structures Correct answer.
Only residential dwellings

Explanation

The Act defines a building broadly to include structures used for shelter or occupancy and structures supporting materials, along with specified parts and systems. The definition is not limited to dwellings, high-rises, or foundation-based structures.

Question 21Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

An owner undertakes demolition of a building. What obligation does the Act impose?

Only the utility companies must be notified
No obligations apply to demolition
A permit may be required and the work must comply with the Code Correct answer.
Only the neighbours must be informed

Explanation

The Act expressly covers demolition, and a permit may be required before demolition proceeds, with the work subject to Code requirements for safety. Demolition is not exempt from the regulatory framework.

Question 22Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Who may be appointed as a building inspector under the Building Code Act, 1992?

A person with the qualifications prescribed by the Act and regulation Correct answer.
Any resident of the municipality
Only a licensed architect
Only a professional engineer

Explanation

The Act and its regulation prescribe qualifications that a person must hold to be appointed as an inspector, ensuring competence in Code administration. Residency alone, or a single professional credential, does not satisfy the prescribed qualifications.

Question 23Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Which of the following is a consequence of failing to comply with an order issued by the chief building official?

The owner loses voting rights
The municipality may seize the owner's vehicle
The official may undertake the work and recover costs Correct answer.
The owner's insurance is automatically voided

Explanation

Where an order is not complied with, the Act allows the municipality or official to carry out the required work and recover the costs from the owner, often added to the tax roll. The other consequences are not within the Act's enforcement scheme.

Question 24Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

What role does the Building Code Commission play in the regulatory scheme?

It issues building permits
It appoints chief building officials
It provides a review and recommendation function on matters referred to it under the Act Correct answer.
It enforces the Code directly in municipalities

Explanation

The Commission reviews matters referred to it, such as appeals of certain decisions, and makes recommendations, serving as a specialized advisory and review body. It does not enforce the Code locally, issue permits, or appoint officials.

Question 25Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

A municipality's chief building official is asked to issue a permit for a project that does not comply with the Code. What is the proper course of action?

Issue the permit with a warning letter
Refuse the permit because the proposal does not comply Correct answer.
Issue the permit and note the deficiency
Refer the decision to the neighbours

Explanation

The chief building official must refuse a permit where the proposed work does not comply with the Code, since issuance would authorize non-compliant construction. Issuing with notes or warnings does not cure the non-compliance.

Question 26Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

Under the Building Code Act, 1992, what must a municipality do before it can enforce the Act and the Building Code within its boundaries?

Transfer all enforcement authority to the province through a ministerial order
Obtain annual written approval from the Building Code Commission for its enforcement program
Adopt a by-law appointing a chief building official and inspectors and setting out enforcement procedures Correct answer.
Register its enforcement staff with the Ontario Building Officials Association

Explanation

The Act requires each municipality to pass a by-law that appoints a chief building official and the inspectors needed to administer and enforce the Act and Code, and that establishes procedures for issuing permits, inspections, and orders. Enforcement authority flows from that by-law and from the statutory appointments it makes, not from provincial or association approval.

Question 27Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

A building inspector issues an order respecting a building, and the owner believes the order is unreasonable. Which route does the Building Code Act, 1992 provide for challenging that order?

Appeal to the Building Code Commission within the time set by the Act Correct answer.
Request that the chief building official reconsider the order within fifteen days
File a statement of claim in the Superior Court of Justice within thirty days
Petition the municipality to rescind the order by council resolution

Explanation

The Act gives a person affected by an order a right to appeal to the Building Code Commission within the prescribed period, and the Commission may confirm, vary, or revoke the order. This specialized appeal replaces ordinary litigation as the first route of challenge.

Question 28Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

A designer is preparing drawings for a proposed building and wants to confirm which edition of the Building Code applies. Which statement correctly describes how the Code operates as law in Ontario?

It is a standard incorporated by contract between the owner and the builder
It is a regulation made under the Building Code Act, 1992 and is therefore binding law Correct answer.
It is a guidance manual published by the Ministry that designers follow voluntarily
It is a model code adopted only where a municipality chooses to reference it in a by-law

Explanation

The Ontario Building Code is a regulation enacted under the Building Code Act, 1992, so it has the force of law throughout the province and applies whether or not a municipality references it. Amendments take effect on the date set in the regulation, and designers must apply the edition in force for the permit.

Question 29Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

A chief building official is reviewing a permit application and finds that the proposed design departs from the Building Code, but the applicant argues the departure is justified. Which mechanism allows the applicant to seek relief from a specific Code requirement?

Filing a request with the Building Code Commission for a ruling on the sufficiency of the provision Correct answer.
Applying to the municipality for a site-specific zoning amendment covering the departure
Asking the chief building official to waive the requirement as a matter of discretion
Submitting an alternative design and asking the inspector to accept it at the inspection stage

Explanation

Where a person believes a Code provision is insufficient or unsuitable for a proposed building, the Act allows an application to the Building Code Commission for a determination on that question. The chief building official must then issue or refuse the permit in accordance with the Commission's ruling.

Question 30Ontario Building Code Act, 1992 and Regulation Framework

An owner begins construction without a required permit, and the chief building official issues an order to comply. The owner continues work regardless. Which statement best reflects the Act's enforcement framework?

The inspector's sole remedy is to refuse future permits on the property
Only the municipality's council may respond, by passing a resolution directing the owner to stop
The chief building official may apply to court for an injunction, and non-compliance may also be prosecuted as an offence Correct answer.
The order lapses automatically once construction is substantially complete

Explanation

The Act combines regulatory and penal enforcement: the chief building official may seek a court injunction to restrain contraventions, and failure to comply with an order is itself an offence carrying fines and other penalties. These remedies are cumulative rather than exclusive, so continuing work does not exhaust the official's options.

Question 31Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

Under the Building Code Act, who has the authority to appoint a chief building official for a municipality?

The local board of health
The municipal council by by-law Correct answer.
The registered code agency serving the area
The provincial minister responsible for the Act

Explanation

The Building Code Act requires each municipality to appoint a chief building official and such inspectors as are necessary, and the appointment is made by council by by-law. The province sets the framework through the Act and code but does not appoint municipal officials directly.

Question 32Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

A property owner wants to construct a new detached garage. Under the Building Code Act, what must generally happen before construction begins?

A demolition permit must be obtained from the local fire service
A building permit must be obtained from the principal authority Correct answer.
An occupancy permit must be issued before any work starts
A zoning compliance certificate must be filed with the province

Explanation

The Act prohibits construction or demolition of a building unless a building permit has been issued by the principal authority. The permit application triggers plan review and inspection obligations that run through the project.

Question 33Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

Which statement best describes the purpose of inspections carried out by a building inspector under the Act?

To verify compliance with municipal property tax assessments
To confirm that work conforms to the Act and the building code Correct answer.
To certify that the contractor has paid all subcontractors
To approve the architectural design aesthetic of the project

Explanation

Inspections exist to determine whether construction complies with the Building Code Act and the building code. They are a regulatory enforcement tool, not a commercial or aesthetic review.

Question 34Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

What is the primary consequence when an owner proceeds with construction without a required building permit?

The contractor assumes all liability and the owner is exempt
The work constitutes an offence and may be subject to orders and penalties Correct answer.
The work is automatically deemed compliant after thirty days
The municipality must issue the permit retroactively without review

Explanation

Building without a permit is an offence under the Act, and the principal authority may issue orders, require the work to stop, and pursue prosecution or penalties. Liability does not shift away from the owner.

Question 35Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

A building inspector is refused entry to a property to conduct an inspection. What power does the Act generally provide?

The inspector must abandon the inspection permanently
The inspector may apply for a warrant to enter and inspect Correct answer.
The inspector may immediately impose a fine on the occupant
The inspector may disconnect utility service to the building

Explanation

The Act grants inspectors powers of entry for inspection purposes, and where entry is refused a warrant can be obtained from a justice. Coercive measures such as fines or utility disconnection are not summary inspection powers.

Question 36Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

Which body typically hears prosecutions for offences under the Building Code Act?

The provincial building code commission
The Ontario Court of Justice Correct answer.
The municipal property standards committee
The Superior Court of Justice in a civil trial

Explanation

Offences under the Act are prosecuted in the Ontario Court of Justice as provincial offences. Civil claims and administrative appeals follow different routes.

Question 37Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

A builder disagrees with an order issued by the chief building official requiring remedial work. What is the usual first step to challenge the order?

Ignore the order and continue construction
Request that the local council vote to cancel the order
Appeal the order to the applicable review body within the prescribed time Correct answer.
File a civil claim against the inspector personally

Explanation

The Act provides a review or appeal mechanism to a designated body within a set time limit. Ignoring the order risks further enforcement, and council does not simply cancel lawful orders.

Question 38Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

What does the term "principal authority" refer to under the Building Code Act?

The architect who seals the permit drawings
The insurance company providing construction coverage
The municipality or other body responsible for administering the Act in an area Correct answer.
The owner of the building being constructed

Explanation

The principal authority is the entity, usually a municipality, charged with administering and enforcing the Act and code within its jurisdiction. It issues permits, conducts inspections, and may issue orders.

Question 39Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

Which of the following is a typical enforcement tool available to a chief building official when unsafe conditions are found?

Revoking the owner's property insurance
Cancelling the municipal property tax account
Issuing an order to remedy the unsafe condition Correct answer.
Seizing the building and selling its contents

Explanation

The Act authorizes orders requiring owners to remedy unsafe or non-compliant conditions, and in urgent cases to take immediate action. Financial and property seizure measures are outside the official's authority.

Question 40Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

A registered code agency may perform certain functions under the Act. Which statement is accurate?

It may prosecute offences in place of the Crown
It replaces the municipality's authority to issue all permits
It may exercise specified functions where authorized, subject to registration requirements Correct answer.
It has no legal standing under the Building Code Act

Explanation

The Act permits registered code agencies to carry out specified functions, such as plan review or inspection, where properly registered and authorized. They do not displace the principal authority's overall responsibility or conduct prosecutions.

Question 41Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

What is the significance of the time limit for laying an information for an offence under the Act?

Proceedings must be commenced within the prescribed period after the offence becomes known Correct answer.
The limit applies only to demolition work
There is no time limit for any building code offence
The limit is set by the contractor's warranty period

Explanation

The Act contains a limitation period requiring proceedings to be started within a specified time after the facts giving rise to the offence become known to the authority. This prevents stale prosecutions while allowing investigation time.

Question 42Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

An inspector discovers that a building has been altered in a way that creates an immediate danger to occupants. What action is most consistent with the Act?

Take no action because the alteration predates the current owner
Refer the matter to the local business improvement area
Issue an order requiring immediate remedial action and notify affected parties Correct answer.
Wait for the next scheduled permit renewal cycle

Explanation

Where an unsafe condition exists, the Act allows the official to issue an order for immediate remedial measures and to take steps to protect occupants. Delay or referral to unrelated bodies would leave the danger unaddressed.

Question 43Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

Which statement about the burden of proof in a prosecution under the Building Code Act is correct?

The inspector's report is conclusive proof of guilt
Proof is not required because the offence is strict liability
The Crown must prove the offence beyond a reasonable doubt Correct answer.
The defendant must prove innocence on a balance of probabilities

Explanation

Provincial offence prosecutions require the Crown to prove the elements of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt. Even for strict liability offences, the standard of proof remains the criminal standard.

Question 44Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

A municipality wishes to delegate building inspection functions. Which approach is consistent with the Act?

Delegate enforcement to the local chamber of commerce
Allow the contractor to self-certify all structural work
Transfer all enforcement powers permanently to a private developer
Authorize a registered code agency to perform specified functions under agreement Correct answer.

Explanation

The Act allows specified functions to be performed by registered code agencies under proper authorization, while accountability remains with the principal authority. Self-certification by the builder or delegation to unrelated bodies is not permitted.

Question 45Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

What is the effect of a stop-work order issued under the Act?

The owner may continue work if a new contractor is hired
The order automatically cancels the building permit permanently
Only the contractor's employees must leave the site for one day
All work covered by the order must cease until the order is complied with or lifted Correct answer.

Explanation

A stop-work order halts the specified work until the non-compliance is corrected or the order is otherwise resolved. It is not a temporary formality and does not automatically revoke the permit.

Question 46Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

Which of the following best describes the role of the building code commission or equivalent review tribunal?

It hears appeals on technical code interpretation matters Correct answer.
It prosecutes building code offences at first instance
It appoints municipal chief building officials
It issues building permits for provincial projects

Explanation

A code commission or similar tribunal provides an appeal route for technical disputes about code application and interpretation. It does not prosecute offences or make municipal appointments.

Question 47Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

A developer submits drawings that omit required fire separations. What is the appropriate response from the principal authority during permit review?

Issue the permit and rely on the contractor to correct the drawings later
Issue the permit but reduce the inspection frequency
Refuse to issue the permit until the drawings demonstrate compliance Correct answer.
Forward the drawings to the fire department for approval in place of review

Explanation

A permit may only be issued where the proposed work complies with the code, so deficiencies in the drawings must be corrected before issuance. Relying on later corrections or reduced inspection undermines the regulatory scheme.

Question 48Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

An owner argues that a due diligence defence should apply to a charge of building without a permit. What must the owner generally establish?

That the project cost less than the permit fee
That the inspector failed to visit the site promptly
That a neighbour also built without a permit
That reasonable care was taken to avoid the offence Correct answer.

Explanation

For strict liability offences, a defendant may avoid liability by proving on a balance of probabilities that reasonable care was taken to prevent the offence. Comparisons to others or cost factors do not establish due diligence.

Question 49Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between the Building Code Act and the building code regulation?

The Act and the code are identical documents
The code provides the authority, and the Act sets out technical requirements
The code overrides the Act where they conflict
The Act provides the authority, and the code sets out the technical requirements Correct answer.

Explanation

The Act establishes the legal framework, powers, and offences, while the building code regulation contains the technical standards adopted under that authority. Where a regulation conflicts with the Act, the Act prevails.

Question 50Building Code Act Administration, Enforcement and Offences

A building official issues a compliance order. What must the order generally include to be enforceable?

The particulars of the non-compliance and the action required within a specified time Correct answer.
A statement that the order expires if not appealed within one year
Only a verbal warning to the owner's agent
The contractor's estimate for the remedial work

Explanation

An enforceable order must identify the contravention and specify what must be done and by when, so the recipient knows the required action. Vague or incomplete directions are vulnerable to challenge.