Certyfikat Polski A2 flashcards
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24 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- najpierw
- Means first in a sequence, helping identify the initial action rather than simply selecting the first noun mentioned in a message.
- potem
- Means then or afterward, connecting an action with an earlier event and helping reconstruct the intended order of a short text.
- zanim
- Introduces a before relationship, so the action in the other clause may need to happen earlier than the event it introduces.
- dopiero
- Often limits timing to not until or only then in these exercises, preventing an earlier mentioned time from becoming the answer.
- jeszcze nie
- Means not yet, distinguishing an action that remains incomplete from one that has already happened or is no longer necessary.
- już
- Often means already in these messages, marking a completed action or changed state that must be distinguished from an earlier plan.
- zamiast
- Means instead of, signaling replacement rather than addition, such as choosing one side dish or travel arrangement in place of another.
- oprócz
- Can introduce an exception or an additional element depending on context, so the complete sentence must determine the practical meaning.
- bliżej / dalej
- Mean nearer and farther, allowing comparison of locations without assuming that the first named person or place is the closest.
- do + time expression
- Can mark an endpoint or deadline in the messages, which should be distinguished from a start time or an indefinite arrangement.
- od ... do ...
- Marks a range from one point to another, useful for opening hours, working periods and the boundaries of an offered time interval.
- jeśli
- Means if and introduces a condition, so the action associated with it depends on the situation described rather than applying universally.
- Czy może pan/pani powtórzyć?
- A polite request for repetition, useful when the listener has not understood; it does not claim that the message was already clear.
- W takim razie
- Means in that case, often introducing the decision made after new information changes the original proposal or available choice in a dialogue.
- Miałem/Miałam ... ale ...
- A pattern contrasting an earlier intention with another fact, requiring the listener to follow the final arrangement rather than the abandoned plan.
- O której?
- Asks at what time an event occurs, distinct from asking how long it lasts or which number identifies a bus route.
- Jak długo?
- Asks about duration, which must be distinguished from a clock time, a starting point or the name of a day in an exchange.
- Za pół godziny
- Means in half an hour, locating an event after the current reference time rather than half an hour earlier or a full hour later.
- Kwadrans wcześniej
- Means a quarter hour earlier, requiring the listener to subtract fifteen minutes from the stated event time in a practical arrangement.
- przy + landmark
- Often locates someone by or next to a landmark in these scripts, which is not necessarily an instruction to enter that place.
- Proszę + infinitive
- A common polite instruction pattern, directing an action whose object, condition and timing should be understood from the complete spoken message.
- Nie musisz ...
- Means you do not have to, removing an obligation rather than always forbidding the action or saying that it has already happened.
- Czy mogę ...?
- Introduces a request for permission, whose final practical meaning depends on the answer and any conditions given by the other speaker.
- Nie tędy
- Means not this way, signaling that the current route is wrong and that the following directions may provide the needed correction.