Certyfikat Polskiego C2 flashcards
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20 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Zastrzeżenie
- A qualification limits the scope or certainty of a claim without necessarily retracting every part of it.
- Koncesja argumentacyjna
- A speaker grants a limited point to another position while retaining a distinct disagreement or counterargument.
- Presupozycja
- An assumption embedded in wording can shape a question before the respondent is able to accept or challenge it.
- Modalność epistemiczna
- Language marks degrees of possibility, probability, reported information, or certainty rather than treating every proposition as established.
- Mowa zależna
- A reported statement represents another voice and does not automatically express the current narrator’s own endorsed position.
- Anafora
- A later expression refers back to an earlier element or proposition, whose identity must be recovered from context.
- Litota
- A formulation such as denying indifference can assert significance indirectly rather than simply cancel a negative word.
- Rejestr
- Social setting, relationship, and purpose influence whether an expression is formal, familiar, specialist, ironic, or otherwise marked.
- Aspekt czasownika
- Polish aspect helps distinguish an ongoing or repeated process from a bounded completed event in its particular context.
- Imiesłów przysłówkowy
- A participial construction must be interpreted with its subject and temporal relation rather than treated as a free-standing event.
- Autokorekta
- A speaker can revise wording during an exchange, making the final qualified version more relevant than the abandoned formulation.
- Siła zobowiązania
- Considering, not excluding, promising, and announcing express different commitments that should not be collapsed into a single decision.
- Implikatura kontekstowa
- A contextual inference goes beyond literal wording but still requires support from the actual exchange rather than unrestricted speculation.
- Zmiana ramy
- A response can challenge the premise or definition of the question instead of answering within the questioner’s original categories.
- Przypisanie stanowiska
- Listeners must track whose claim is being reported, challenged, quoted, or endorsed across different turns in a discussion.
- Niedopowiedzenie
- A speaker may leave a conclusion unstated, requiring a limited inference from the supplied context without inventing missing facts.
- Kryterium oceny
- A judgment of success or effectiveness depends on the goal and comparison standard selected for the evaluation.
- Korelacja a przyczynowość
- Two patterns can occur together without the available evidence establishing that one caused the other in that situation.
- Skrypt pisemny
- A supplied written dialogue supports text analysis or partner-read practice but does not constitute a recorded listening assessment.
- Naprawa rozumienia
- A clarification restores distinctions lost in another speaker’s paraphrase, such as the difference between uncertainty and categorical denial.