Guokao non-universal languages: eight-option reference sampler key terms

The particular foreign language attached to a vacancy or course, whose skills must be practised directly rather than inferred from another language.

The grammatical case required by a verb, preposition or other construction in the actual language, learned together with contextual meaning.

Language forms expressing relevant social relationships, with language-specific distinctions between respectful, humble and formal grammatical choices.

A grammatical category such as indicative or subjunctive, whose use depends on the construction, meaning and conventions of the particular language.

A conventional combination of words that must fit the grammar, meaning and register of the complete expression rather than dictionary substitution alone.

A relation acknowledging a circumstance while presenting a contrasting result or claim, expressed through the selected language’s actual constructions.

An expression linking a complementary point with preceding discourse, whose precise form and placement depend on the actual language.

The expression to which a pronoun or other referring form relates, identified through grammatical and contextual evidence rather than proximity alone.

The explicit linguistic links among parts of a text, distinct from the soundness of its broader argument or factual content.

A task requiring selection of a missing expression that satisfies both the grammar of the sentence and the meaning of the surrounding discourse.

Content directly stated in the supplied passage, distinguished from a reasonable inference or an unsupported assumption about outside events.

The limits of a claim, including its actors, quantity, conditions, time and certainty, which an interpretation should preserve.

A proposition presented as someone’s words or position, which is not automatically the narrator’s endorsement or independently verified fact.

A written representation of a conversation used for comprehension practice, without assessing the timing or auditory demands of a recording.

The central claim or information developed in a passage, interpreted through supporting details and relationships rather than one familiar topic word.

Documents associated with accrediting a diplomatic representative, distinguished from other instruments and read within the applicable diplomatic framework.

A legally relevant act expressing consent to a treaty through the prescribed process, not a universal synonym for signature or entry into force.

A text issued by more than one participant that communicates an agreed position, whose legal effects cannot be inferred from its title alone.

Supported institutional, historical or cultural information used to interpret language accurately without stereotyping every individual or community.

Checking the actual issuing source, context and date of a factual or terminological claim, especially when membership or current arrangements may change.