Language-specific vocabulary and grammar
This page is a cross-option reference collection for the eight non-universal foreign-language categories named in the Chinese civil-service recruitment notice: Japanese, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, German, Korean and Portuguese. A candidate studies the language relevant to the actual position, not all eight as one combined test. The collection therefore does not provide a complete calibrated paper or 190 questions for each individual language option. English explanations are learning aids; they are not an English-language substitute for the tested foreign language.
Begin vocabulary work with the expression in its actual grammatical environment. French s’engager à takes an infinitive to express a commitment; the preposition is part of the pattern. Spanish a menos que introduces a condition requiring attention to the relevant verbal mood. Russian в соответствии с governs the instrumental case. A dictionary definition alone does not supply these constructional requirements. Learn the full phrase, its meaning and an example rather than transferring an English word-for-word pattern.
Formal register also belongs to a language-specific system. German indirect reporting can use Konjunktiv I to distinguish reported content. Japanese humble expressions concern the speaker's own side in the relevant relationship, while respectful forms concern another person's actions. Korean honorific marking and formal endings have distinct functions and should not be treated as one interchangeable suffix. A polite English translation cannot prove that a Japanese or Korean form is grammatically appropriate.
Arabic case and syntactic analysis likewise need the actual sentence. A passive construction can promote the affected noun to نائب فاعل, while a nominal sentence has a different structure. Do not apply labels only because a word appears first. Portuguese expressions such as é fundamental que create a grammatical environment for the subjunctive, but a particular tense still depends on the time relationship and meaning. Spanish and Portuguese share some vocabulary without sharing every inflection or usage rule.
For a wrong answer, identify whether the difficulty concerns meaning, government, agreement, morphology or register. Produce another sentence in the chosen language and obtain appropriate language feedback. Related proficiency questions in this draft illustrate foundations at mixed levels; they do not establish the diplomatic register, vocabulary range or professional readiness required for a particular vacancy.