Advanced CPhT flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Inventory turnover ratio

Cost of goods sold divided by average inventory value; it expresses how many times pharmacy inventory is sold and replaced during a period, usually measured annually.

Days in inventory

365 divided by the inventory turnover ratio; it is the average number of days a pharmacy holds stock before that stock is sold or dispensed.

ABC inventory analysis

Classification of stock by annual dollar volume: Class A items are about 20% of items but 80% of value and receive the tightest purchasing control.

ISO Class 5 primary engineering control

The laminar airflow hood or isolator that supplies first-air to the critical site during sterile compounding and must sit inside an ISO Class 7 buffer area.

340B duplicate discount

The prohibition on a covered entity billing Medicaid for a 340B-purchased drug while the manufacturer also pays a rebate on that same claim.

Fill rate

The percentage of order lines or items completely filled from available stock on the first attempt; a standard supply-chain performance measure in pharmacy operations.

Reorder point

The inventory level at which a replacement order is placed, calculated as average daily usage multiplied by lead time in days, plus safety stock.

Just-in-time inventory

A purchasing approach that matches orders closely to actual consumption, lowering carrying costs and expiry losses but raising the risk of stockouts.

Root cause analysis

A retrospective, structured team review performed after a sentinel event to identify underlying system failures and redesign processes rather than assign individual blame.

Failure mode and effects analysis

A proactive risk assessment that maps each step of a process, identifies the ways it can fail, and ranks those risks by risk priority number.

Risk priority number

Severity multiplied by occurrence multiplied by detection; a higher score flags the failure modes that should be redesigned first in a quality improvement plan.

PDSA cycle

Plan-Do-Study-Act: a small-scale test of change in which a prediction is made, tested, compared with the observed result, then adopted, adapted, or abandoned.

Tall man lettering

Mixed-case formatting such as hydrOXYzine versus hydrALAZINE that capitalizes the differing portions of look-alike and sound-alike drug names to prevent selection errors.

Just culture

A safety framework that consoles human error, coaches at-risk behavior, and sanctions only reckless behavior, so staff report errors without fear of punishment.

Independent double check

A process in which a second qualified person verifies a high-alert drug's selection, dose, and calculation without seeing the first checker's work or answer.

MedWatch

The FDA program that receives voluntary and mandatory reports of serious adverse events, medication errors, and product quality problems involving drugs and devices.

DEA Form 222

The triplicate order form, or its CSOS electronic equivalent, that a registrant must complete to purchase or transfer Schedule II controlled substances.

DEA Form 106

The report of theft or significant loss of controlled substances, filed in writing with the DEA field division within one business day of discovery.

Biennial inventory

A complete count of all controlled substances in stock, required at the time of registration and every two years afterward, with Schedule II records kept separately.

Schedule III to V refills

Up to five refills are permitted on a single prescription, and every refill must be dispensed within six months of the date the prescription was issued.

EPCS

Electronic prescribing of controlled substances, which requires prescriber identity proofing, two-factor authentication, and an auditable electronic record of each transmission.

Partial fill of Schedule II

When the pharmacy cannot supply the full quantity, the remainder must be dispensed within 72 hours; otherwise the prescription is void and a new one is required.

PDMP

A state prescription drug monitoring program database of dispensed controlled substances that pharmacists query before dispensing when required by state law.

DSCSA

Federal law requiring an interoperable, electronic, unit-level trace of prescription drugs from manufacturer to dispenser, including serialization and verification before dispensing.

Teach-back method

Asking the patient to restate instructions in their own words so the pharmacist can confirm understanding and re-teach any point that was misunderstood.

OARS

Core motivational interviewing skills: Open-ended questions, Affirmations, Reflections, and Summaries, used to build rapport and explore a patient's ambivalence about change.

Proportion of days covered

Days in the measurement period for which medication was available divided by total days in the period; 80% or higher commonly defines adherence.

SBAR

Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation: a standardized structure for delivering a concise, complete clinical handoff between pharmacists and other clinicians.

Medication reconciliation

A formal comparison of the best possible medication history with current medication orders, performed at admission, at transfer, and at discharge.

Plain language

Writing and speaking that avoids jargon and uses short sentences and common words, typically at a fifth- to sixth-grade reading level for patient materials.

Stages of change

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance; a model used to match counseling intensity to a patient's readiness to change a health behavior.

Health literacy

The degree to which a person can obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.