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CRE (ASQ) practice questions

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Question 1Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which probability distribution is most appropriate for modeling the number of failures observed in a fixed time interval when failures occur randomly and independently at a constant rate?

  1. Weibull
  2. Lognormal
  3. Normal
  4. Poisson Correct answer.

Explanation

The Poisson distribution describes counts of discrete events occurring in a fixed interval when the rate is constant and events are independent. Its single rate parameter makes it the standard model for failure counts in reliability.

Question 2Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A system consists of three components in series with reliabilities 0.90, 0.95, and 0.98. What is the system reliability?

  1. 0.997
  2. 0.838 Correct answer.
  3. 0.980
  4. 0.943

Explanation

For a series system, reliability is the product of component reliabilities: 0.90 × 0.95 × 0.98 ≈ 0.838. Any single component failure causes system failure, so series reliability is always less than the weakest component.

Question 3Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

In reliability terminology, what does maintainability primarily measure?

  1. The fraction of failures that are detected by testing
  2. The ease and speed with which an item can be restored to service Correct answer.
  3. The probability a failed item can be repaired at all
  4. The length of the warranty period offered

Explanation

Maintainability is the probability that a failed item can be restored to a specified condition within a stated time using prescribed procedures and resources. It is fundamentally about restoration speed and ease.

Question 4Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A component has a constant failure rate of 0.002 per hour. What is its mean time to failure?

  1. 500 hours Correct answer.
  2. 2000 hours
  3. 50 hours
  4. 200 hours

Explanation

For an exponential (constant failure rate) model, MTTF equals the reciprocal of the failure rate: 1/0.002 = 500 hours. The constant-rate assumption is what makes this simple reciprocal valid.

Question 5Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which phase of the bathtub curve is characterized by a decreasing failure rate?

  1. Useful life
  2. Wear-out
  3. Random failure
  4. Infant mortality Correct answer.

Explanation

Infant mortality (early failure) region shows a decreasing hazard rate as latent defects are screened out. The useful-life region has a roughly constant rate, and wear-out has an increasing rate.

Question 6Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which measure best quantifies the proportion of total operating time that a repairable system is actually functioning?

  1. Mean time between failures
  2. Operational availability Correct answer.
  3. Failure rate
  4. Mean corrective maintenance time

Explanation

Operational availability accounts for both uptime and downtime, expressing the fraction of time the system is capable of performing its function. MTBF and MTTR are inputs to it but do not alone capture the proportion of functioning time.

Question 7Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

In a parallel (active redundancy) configuration of two identical independent components each with reliability 0.80, what is the system reliability?

  1. 0.64
  2. 0.96 Correct answer.
  3. 0.80
  4. 0.99

Explanation

For parallel redundancy, the system fails only if all units fail: R = 1 − (1 − 0.80)² = 1 − 0.04 = 0.96. Redundancy raises reliability above any single component.

Question 8Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which term describes the probability that a failed unit will be restored to service within a specified time?

  1. Maintainability Correct answer.
  2. Durability
  3. Reliability
  4. Availability

Explanation

Maintainability is defined as the probability of restoration within a stated time given prescribed resources. Reliability addresses failure-free operation, while availability combines both.

Question 9Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A system has two independent components in parallel, each with reliability 0.90. What is the probability that the system fails?

  1. 0.10
  2. 0.19
  3. 0.01 Correct answer.
  4. 0.81

Explanation

System failure requires both components to fail: 0.10 × 0.10 = 0.01. This is the complement of the parallel system reliability of 0.99.

Question 10Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A Weibull analysis yields a shape parameter β less than 1. What does this indicate about the failure rate?

  1. The failure rate is increasing over time
  2. The failure rate is decreasing over time Correct answer.
  3. The failure rate is constant over time
  4. The failure rate is undefined

Explanation

In the Weibull model, β < 1 corresponds to a decreasing hazard rate, typical of early-life or infant-mortality failures. β = 1 gives a constant rate and β > 1 gives an increasing rate.

Question 11Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A system uses standby redundancy in which a backup unit is switched in only when the primary fails. Compared with active parallel redundancy of identical units, standby redundancy generally provides:

  1. Lower system reliability because switching adds complexity
  2. Identical reliability because the units are the same
  3. Higher reliability only if the units have increasing failure rates
  4. Higher system reliability because the backup does not accumulate operating stress Correct answer.

Explanation

In standby redundancy the backup is unpowered until needed, so it does not experience operating wear during primary service. This typically yields higher reliability than active redundancy, although switch reliability must be considered.

Question 12Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which reliability metric is most directly relevant when a customer requires that no more than a specified percentage of units fail within a stated warranty period?

  1. Mean time to failure
  2. Design margin
  3. Failure rate at end of life
  4. B(X) life Correct answer.

Explanation

B(X) life is the time by which X percent of the population is expected to have failed. A warranty requirement limiting the fraction failing within a period maps directly to a B(X) life specification.

Question 13Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A system has a constant failure rate of 0.001 per hour. What is the probability of surviving 1000 hours?

  1. 0.632
  2. 0.100
  3. 0.368 Correct answer.
  4. 0.900

Explanation

For constant failure rate, R(t) = exp(−λt) = exp(−0.001 × 1000) = exp(−1) ≈ 0.368. The complement, 0.632, is the probability of failing within that time.

Question 14Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which of the following best describes a k-out-of-n redundant system?

  1. The system works if any one of n units functions
  2. The system works only if all n units function
  3. The system works if at least k of n units function Correct answer.
  4. The system works if exactly k units fail

Explanation

A k-out-of-n system succeeds when at least k of its n units are operational. This generalizes series (k = n) and parallel (k = 1) configurations.

Question 15Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A component's failure distribution is exponential with a mean life of 500 hours. Given that it has already survived 300 hours, what is its expected additional life?

  1. 200 hours
  2. 300 hours
  3. 500 hours Correct answer.
  4. 800 hours

Explanation

The exponential distribution is memoryless: past survival does not change the expected remaining life, which remains equal to the mean of 500 hours. This property follows from the constant failure rate.

Question 16Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which reliability allocation approach distributes a system reliability goal among subsystems in proportion to their complexity?

  1. Equal allocation
  2. AGREE allocation Correct answer.
  3. Block diagram reduction
  4. Fault tree analysis

Explanation

The AGREE method allocates reliability targets based on subsystem complexity and importance, giving more demanding goals to simpler or less critical elements. Equal allocation ignores complexity, and fault tree analysis is an analytical technique, not an allocation method.

Question 17Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which statement correctly distinguishes reliability from quality?

  1. Reliability concerns conformance at delivery; quality concerns performance over time
  2. Reliability concerns performance over time; quality concerns conformance to requirements at delivery Correct answer.
  3. Reliability and quality are synonyms in engineering practice
  4. Quality applies only to software; reliability applies only to hardware

Explanation

Quality is often framed as conformance to requirements at the time of delivery, while reliability is the probability of performing satisfactorily over time. A product can be built to specification yet fail prematurely.

Question 18Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A repairable system has a mean time between failures of 400 hours and a mean time to repair of 20 hours. What is its inherent availability?

  1. 0.952 Correct answer.
  2. 0.900
  3. 0.980
  4. 0.050

Explanation

Inherent availability is MTBF/(MTBF + MTTR) = 400/420 ≈ 0.952. It expresses the fraction of time the system is available given repair time.

Question 19Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which technique is used to identify potential failure modes, their effects, and their severity in a systematic bottom-up manner?

  1. Weibull analysis
  2. Fault tree analysis
  3. Failure modes and effects analysis Correct answer.
  4. Reliability growth testing

Explanation

FMEA systematically examines each component's failure modes, effects, and severity in a bottom-up manner. Fault tree analysis works top-down from an undesired event.

Question 20Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A system's reliability block diagram shows two subsystems in parallel, each with reliability 0.70. What is the system reliability?

  1. 0.49
  2. 0.91 Correct answer.
  3. 0.99
  4. 0.70

Explanation

Parallel reliability is 1 − (1 − 0.70)² = 1 − 0.09 = 0.91. The system fails only if both subsystems fail.

Question 21Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

In a reliability test, 10 identical units are run until all fail, and the failure times are recorded. Which method estimates the mean life most directly?

  1. Taking the square root of the variance of failure times
  2. Dividing the number of failures by the total test time
  3. Dividing total accumulated operating time by the number of failures Correct answer.
  4. Taking the median of the failure times

Explanation

When all units fail, the total time on test divided by the number of failures gives the sample mean life. This is the standard complete-data estimate of MTTF.

Question 22Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A system requires at least 2 of 3 identical independent units to function. Each unit has reliability 0.90. What is the system reliability?

  1. 0.900
  2. 0.999
  3. 0.972 Correct answer.
  4. 0.729

Explanation

A 2-out-of-3 system succeeds when at least two units work: 3(0.9²)(0.1) + 0.9³ = 0.243 + 0.729 = 0.972. The binomial terms account for exactly two or exactly three successes.

Question 23Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Lifetime data plotted on Weibull probability paper yield a straight line. What does the slope of this line represent?

  1. The failure rate at time zero
  2. The shape parameter β Correct answer.
  3. The mean life
  4. The scale parameter η

Explanation

On a Weibull plot, the slope of the fitted straight line equals the shape parameter β. The scale parameter is read from the intercept location, not the slope.

Question 24Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A series system has two components with constant failure rates of 0.001 and 0.003 per hour. What is the system MTTF?

  1. 250 hours Correct answer.
  2. 4000 hours
  3. 1000 hours
  4. 333 hours

Explanation

For series components with constant rates, rates add: λ = 0.004 per hour, so MTTF = 1/0.004 = 250 hours. Adding rates is valid only under the constant-rate assumption.

Question 25Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A test is time-terminated before all units fail. Which statement about the resulting MTTF estimate is correct?

  1. It cannot be computed without additional assumptions about the distribution
  2. It is biased low unless censored units are included in the total time on test Correct answer.
  3. It is exact because censored units contribute no information
  4. It is biased high because failed units dominate the calculation

Explanation

Censored (unfailed) units still accumulate operating time and must be included in total time on test; ignoring them biases the estimate low. With the exponential assumption, total time on test divided by failures remains valid.

Question 26Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which technique is used to identify potential failure modes, their effects, and their severity in a systematic bottom-up approach?

  1. Fault tree analysis
  2. Markov analysis
  3. Failure modes and effects analysis Correct answer.
  4. Reliability block diagram

Explanation

Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a systematic, bottom-up method that identifies potential failure modes, their effects, and their severity. It is often extended to criticality analysis (FMECA) to prioritize risks.

Question 27Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A system has two independent components in parallel, each with reliability 0.90. What is the probability that the system functions?

  1. 0.18
  2. 0.90
  3. 0.99 Correct answer.
  4. 0.81

Explanation

For independent components in parallel, the system reliability is 1 minus the product of the individual failure probabilities. Here, 1 - (0.10 × 0.10) = 0.99.

Question 28Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A repairable system's failure and repair behavior is modeled with the Markov approach. Which quantity does the state-transition rate diagram yield directly for a two-state (up/down) system?

  1. The B10 life from the repair-rate entries
  2. The long-run availability from the steady-state probabilities Correct answer.
  3. The expected number of redundant paths in the reliability block diagram
  4. The Weibull shape parameter from the transition slopes

Explanation

In a Markov model the states are defined and transition rates (failure rate and repair rate) fill the transition matrix; solving the steady-state balance equations gives the long-run probability of being in each state. For a two-state system the up-state probability is the steady-state availability. The Weibull shape parameter and B10 life come from life-data analysis, not from Markov transition rates.

Question 29Reliability Engineering Fundamentals (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

In reliability engineering terminology, which statement best captures the relationship between reliability and maintainability?

  1. Reliability and maintainability are synonyms, since both describe the proportion of time a system is operational
  2. Reliability concerns the probability of performing a required function for a stated period, while maintainability concerns the probability that a failed item can be restored within a stated time Correct answer.
  3. Reliability applies only to non-repairable items, while maintainability applies only to repairable items
  4. Reliability describes repair duration, while maintainability describes time between failures

Explanation

Reliability is a probability of mission success over a time interval without failure, whereas maintainability is a probability that a failed item is restored to service within a specified repair time. Together they combine into availability for repairable systems. Each is defined for both repairable and non-repairable items, though the metrics used differ.

Question 30Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which reliability activity is performed primarily to establish that a product meets its specified reliability requirement before full-scale production?

  1. Reliability qualification testing Correct answer.
  2. Failure reporting and corrective action system
  3. Design review
  4. Reliability growth testing

Explanation

Reliability qualification testing demonstrates, against a defined requirement, that a design meets its specified reliability. Growth testing is used to find and fix weaknesses, while FRACAS is a management process for tracking failures. Design review evaluates the design but does not itself demonstrate the requirement statistically.

Question 31Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

In a reliability program, which element most directly provides the feedback loop that turns test and field failures into design improvements?

  1. Failure reporting, analysis, and corrective action system (FRACAS) Correct answer.
  2. Reliability allocation
  3. Configuration management plan
  4. Derating guidelines

Explanation

FRACAS is the closed-loop process that records failures, analyzes root causes, and drives corrective actions back into the design. Configuration management, allocation, and derating are supporting activities but do not themselves close the improvement loop.

Question 32Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A reliability engineer must confirm that a supplier's component will meet a stated mean time between failures. Which contractual document is the most appropriate place to state this requirement?

  1. The specification or statement of work Correct answer.
  2. The purchase order terms only
  3. The test procedure
  4. The reliability program plan

Explanation

Reliability requirements are formally imposed on a supplier through the specification or statement of work, which flows down the requirement. The program plan describes how the customer's program is managed, while test procedures and purchase terms implement but do not originate the requirement.

Question 33Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which cost category typically increases as a product's specified reliability requirement is made more stringent?

  1. Warranty costs
  2. Design and development costs Correct answer.
  3. Field failure costs
  4. Customer downtime costs

Explanation

Tightening a reliability requirement generally raises up-front design, test, and component costs. Warranty, field failure, and downtime costs are consequences of poor field reliability and tend to fall as reliability improves.

Question 34Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A program uses a reliability growth curve to track progress. Which statement best describes the purpose of reliability growth management?

  1. To predict field failures from a single test
  2. To allocate reliability goals among subsystems
  3. To prove the initial design meets its requirement
  4. To plan and measure the improvement of reliability as failure modes are found and corrected Correct answer.

Explanation

Reliability growth management plans test-find-fix cycles and measures the resulting improvement in demonstrated reliability over time. It is not a one-time demonstration of the initial design, nor a method of allocation.

Question 35Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

During a design review, a team evaluates a proposed subsystem and finds that a single-point failure could cause loss of a safety function. Which review type is specifically intended to identify such conditions?

  1. Failure modes and effects analysis review Correct answer.
  2. Preliminary design review
  3. Test readiness review
  4. Critical design review

Explanation

An FMEA review is structured to identify failure modes, their effects, and single-point failures affecting safety or mission. Preliminary and critical design reviews cover the design broadly, and a test readiness review addresses readiness to test.

Question 36Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A reliability program plan is being written for a new system. Which content is essential to that plan?

  1. The detailed test data from the previous program
  2. The tasks, schedules, and responsibilities for achieving the reliability requirement Correct answer.
  3. The marketing forecast for the product
  4. The manufacturing routing for each part

Explanation

A reliability program plan defines the tasks, schedule, organization, and responsibilities needed to meet the reliability requirement. It is a planning document, not a repository of prior test data, manufacturing routing, or marketing forecasts.

Question 37Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A manager must decide whether to invest in additional reliability testing or accept the current demonstrated reliability. Which consideration is most relevant to this trade-off?

  1. The cost of field failures versus the cost of additional testing Correct answer.
  2. The number of engineers on staff
  3. The supplier's delivery schedule
  4. The color of the product housing

Explanation

The decision balances the marginal cost of further testing against the expected cost of field failures avoided. Staffing, appearance, and delivery schedule do not directly quantify this reliability trade-off.

Question 38Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which metric best communicates the reliability program's progress to executive management in a way tied to the customer's requirement?

  1. Demonstrated MTBF versus required MTBF Correct answer.
  2. Number of tests performed
  3. Count of open action items
  4. Total engineering hours spent

Explanation

Comparing demonstrated reliability against the required value directly shows whether the program is on track to meet the customer requirement. Activity counts and hours measure effort, not achieved reliability.

Question 39Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A reliability engineer is establishing a parts control program. What is the primary purpose of this program?

  1. To eliminate all custom components
  2. To reduce the number of suppliers to one
  3. To shorten the test schedule
  4. To minimize the variety of parts and control their qualification and application Correct answer.

Explanation

A parts control program standardizes and qualifies parts, limiting variety and ensuring each part is applied within its rated conditions. It does not require single sourcing, forbid all custom parts, or directly shorten testing.

Question 40Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A team is selecting a supplier for a critical component. Which action best supports the reliability objective during supplier selection?

  1. Choosing the lowest bidder
  2. Deferring all reliability considerations to incoming inspection
  3. Relying on the supplier's marketing materials
  4. Evaluating the supplier's process capability and reliability history Correct answer.

Explanation

Supplier reliability is best supported by evaluating process capability, quality history, and reliability data before selection. Lowest price, marketing claims, and inspection-only strategies do not establish the supplier's ability to deliver reliable parts.

Question 41Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which activity is a preventive maintenance program intended to accomplish in an operating system?

  1. Restore failed units to service
  2. Reduce the frequency of unexpected failures by servicing items before they degrade Correct answer.
  3. Eliminate the need for spare parts
  4. Increase the failure rate to reveal weaknesses

Explanation

Preventive maintenance services or replaces items before wear-out or degradation causes failure, reducing unexpected failures. Corrective maintenance restores failed units, and preventive maintenance does not eliminate the need for spares.

Question 42Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A reliability manager wants to reduce the risk that a design change degrades reliability. Which control is most directly suited to this purpose?

  1. A larger test sample size
  2. An increased spare parts inventory
  3. A revised marketing plan
  4. A change control board that reviews reliability impact before approval Correct answer.

Explanation

A change control board that evaluates reliability impact before approving changes prevents unintended degradation. Larger samples, marketing plans, and spares do not control the effect of design changes.

Question 43Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which statement best describes the relationship between reliability and maintainability in a system availability requirement?

  1. Availability depends only on reliability
  2. Availability depends only on maintainability
  3. Availability is independent of both reliability and maintainability
  4. Availability improves with higher reliability and with shorter repair times Correct answer.

Explanation

Inherent availability is a function of mean time between failures and mean time to repair, so it improves with higher reliability and shorter repair times. Neither factor alone determines availability.

Question 44Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A program requires that reliability tasks be tailored to the product's criticality. What does tailoring mean in this context?

  1. Selecting and scaling tasks to match the product's risk and requirements Correct answer.
  2. Outsourcing all reliability work
  3. Performing every task in the standard in full
  4. Deleting all reliability tasks to save cost

Explanation

Tailoring selects and scales reliability tasks based on criticality, risk, and requirements rather than applying a fixed checklist uniformly. It is a deliberate, justified selection, not wholesale deletion or outsourcing.

Question 45Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which organizational arrangement most supports an effective reliability program?

  1. Reliability handled entirely by the customer
  2. A defined reliability function with clear authority and interfaces to design and test Correct answer.
  3. Reliability responsibilities assigned informally to whoever is available
  4. Reliability delegated only to the quality inspection group

Explanation

Effective programs define a reliability function with clear authority and interfaces to design, test, and manufacturing. Informal assignment, customer-only responsibility, and inspection-only delegation leave reliability without the authority and integration it needs.

Question 46Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A reliability engineer is asked to justify a test-find-fix program to management. Which argument is most consistent with reliability growth principles?

  1. Reliability is fixed at design freeze and cannot be improved
  2. Growth testing replaces the need for a reliability requirement
  3. Testing alone improves reliability without any design changes
  4. Finding and correcting failure modes during testing raises demonstrated reliability Correct answer.

Explanation

Reliability growth occurs when failures found in test are analyzed and corrected, raising demonstrated reliability. Testing without corrective action does not improve reliability, and growth testing does not replace the requirement.

Question 47Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which document typically records the rationale for reliability-related design decisions so they can be reviewed later?

  1. The shipping manifest
  2. The payroll ledger
  3. The safety data sheet
  4. The design record or reliability data book Correct answer.

Explanation

The design record or reliability data book captures design decisions, analyses, and supporting data for later review. The other documents serve payroll, shipping, and chemical safety purposes and do not record design rationale.

Question 48Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A program has a fixed budget. A manager must choose between adding redundancy and improving component reliability. Which factor most affects this decision?

  1. The relative cost and reliability gain of each option Correct answer.
  2. The color of the enclosure
  3. The number of meetings held
  4. The supplier's location

Explanation

The choice depends on comparing the reliability improvement each option delivers against its cost. Enclosure color, meeting count, and supplier location do not quantify the reliability benefit.

Question 49Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

Which practice best ensures that reliability lessons learned on one program are applied to future programs?

  1. Maintaining a shared lessons-learned database with periodic review Correct answer.
  2. Relying on employee memory
  3. Storing reports in individual file cabinets
  4. Discarding data after program closure

Explanation

A shared, reviewed lessons-learned database preserves and disseminates reliability knowledge across programs. Isolated storage, memory, and data disposal prevent reuse.

Question 50Reliability Management and Leadership (per ASQ CRE Body of Knowledge)

A reliability manager is establishing acceptance criteria for a demonstration test. Which combination is most appropriate?

  1. The lowest available bid
  2. The number of engineers assigned
  3. A stated requirement, a confidence level, and a decision rule Correct answer.
  4. The customer's preferred test date

Explanation

Acceptance criteria require a stated reliability requirement, a statistical confidence level, and a decision rule for pass or fail. Bid price, staffing, and scheduling do not define the statistical criteria.