CRSS flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

TRIR formula

TRIR equals recordable cases times 200,000 divided by total hours worked. The 200,000 constant normalizes the rate to 100 full-time workers at 40 hours for 50 weeks.

Leading indicator

A metric that precedes and predicts injury outcomes, such as near-miss reports, inspection closure rate, or training completion. It contrasts with lagging indicators, which measure past results.

Plan-Do-Check-Act

Continuous improvement cycle underlying ISO 45001 and ANSI/ASSP Z10: establish objectives and processes, implement them, monitor and measure results, then act to improve performance.

Management review

Top-management evaluation of the safety management system at planned intervals, covering audit results, incident trends, resource adequacy, and prior actions, producing documented decisions and direction.

Risk score calculation

Risk equals likelihood multiplied by severity. On a five-by-five matrix, scores of 1 to 4 are typically low, 5 to 9 medium, 10 to 16 high, and 20 to 25 unacceptable.

Job hazard analysis

A method that breaks a task into sequential steps, identifies hazards at each step, and specifies controls before work begins; it is updated when tasks or equipment change.

HAZOP study

A team-based process hazard study that applies guide words such as more, less, and none to process parameters to find deviations from design intent in chemical systems.

Eight-hour TWA

The sum of each exposure concentration multiplied by its duration in hours, divided by eight. Used to compare full-shift exposures against permissible exposure limits.

ALARP principle

As low as reasonably practicable: risk must be reduced until further reduction is grossly disproportionate to the cost and benefit, with the justification documented.

Hierarchy of controls

Ranked effectiveness: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, then personal protective equipment. Higher-ranked controls are more reliable because they depend less on human behavior.

Lockout/tagout sequence

Notify affected workers, shut down equipment, isolate all energy sources, apply locks and tags, release stored energy, and verify zero energy state before work begins.

PPE hazard assessment

Employers must assess workplace hazards to select appropriate personal protective equipment, document the certification, and train workers in its use, care, and limitations.

Local exhaust ventilation

An engineering control that captures airborne contaminants at the source using hoods, ductwork, and fans, preventing dispersion into the breathing zone; it requires airflow monitoring.

Confined space entry permit

Entry document for permit-required confined spaces listing hazards, isolation steps, atmospheric test results, attendant and rescue provisions, and authorization signatures before entry.

General Duty Clause

OSH Act Section 5(a)(1) requires employers to provide a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm where no specific standard applies.

OSHA 300 log deadline

Recordable injuries and illnesses must be entered on the OSHA 300 log within seven calendar days of learning of the case; the annual summary is posted February 1 to April 30.

Fatality reporting window

Employers must report work-related fatalities to OSHA within eight hours and in-patient hospitalizations, amputations, or losses of an eye within twenty-four hours.

Willful violation

A violation committed with intentional disregard of, or plain indifference to, the law. Penalties are substantially higher than for serious violations and may include criminal referral.

OSHA inspection priorities

OSHA ranks inspections as imminent danger first, then fatality or catastrophe, complaints and referrals, programmed planned inspections, and finally follow-up visits.

Root cause

The underlying system condition, such as a missing procedure or inadequate training, that allowed the immediate cause to occur; correcting it prevents recurrence.

Five Whys technique

An iterative questioning method that asks why repeatedly, typically five times, to trace an incident from its immediate cause back to a management-system failure.

Emergency action plan

Written plan required by 1910.38 covering reporting procedures, evacuation routes and alarms, accounting for employees, rescue duties, and training and review.

Preserving the incident scene

Secure and photograph the area, retain failed equipment and records, and delay cleanup until evidence is gathered, unless rescue or life safety requires otherwise.

Contributing factor

A condition or action that increased the likelihood or severity of an incident but was not sufficient alone to cause it; multiple factors usually combine.

Kirkpatrick evaluation levels

Four-level training evaluation: reaction (participant satisfaction), learning (knowledge gained), behavior (on-the-job application), and results (incident or performance outcomes).

ANSI/ASSP Z490.1

Consensus standard for safety, health, and environmental training covering needs assessment, design, development, delivery, evaluation, and documentation of training programs.

Safety climate

Workers' shared perceptions of safety practices and policies at a specific point in time, measurable by survey and more changeable than underlying safety culture.

Behavior-based safety

A process using trained observers to record safe and at-risk behaviors, then deliver feedback and analyze antecedents and consequences to increase safe behavior.

Toolbox talk

A brief, focused pre-shift discussion of a specific hazard or task with the crew, used to reinforce training and surface worker concerns before work starts.

Ethics duty to protect

Safety professionals must hold protection of people paramount, be honest, disclose conflicts of interest, maintain confidentiality, and practice only within their competence.

Contractor prequalification

Reviewing a contractor's safety performance, written programs, training, and insurance before award, then verifying site orientation and oversight during the work.

Confidentiality of records

Worker medical and exposure records must be kept secure and shared only on a need-to-know basis, consistent with legal employee access rights and privacy obligations.