CSET Multiple Subjects (101/214/225) cheat sheet

Phonological awareness is the umbrella skill (rhyming, syllables, onset-rime, phoneme segmentation); phonics is the mapping of phonemes to graphemes used in decoding.

The five essential components of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Fluency has three measurable dimensions: accuracy, automaticity (rate), and prosody (expression); timed oral reading plus comprehension checks is the standard assessment.

Cloze and maze procedures measure contextual vocabulary and comprehension; running records measure accuracy, error type, and self-correction rate.

Word identification cueing systems: graphophonic (letters/sounds), syntactic (grammar), semantic (meaning), and schematic (background knowledge).

Narrative text structure: characters, setting, plot (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution), conflict, and theme.

Expository text structures: description, sequence, compare-contrast, cause-effect, and problem-solution; signal words (because, however, first, unlike) reveal the structure.

Figurative language: simile (like/as), metaphor (direct comparison), personification, hyperbole, idiom, and onomatopoeia.

Writing process stages: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing; the six traits are ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions.

California is the most populous U.S. state; its constitution (1849) predates statehood (September 9, 1850) and was the first to abolish slavery by state constitution.

Three branches at each level: legislative (makes law), executive (enforces law), judicial (interprets law); checks and balances include veto, override, judicial review, and confirmation.

Federalism layers: enumerated/delegated powers (federal), reserved powers (states, Tenth Amendment), and concurrent powers (tax, courts, roads).

Key documents: Magna Carta (1215, due process roots), Mayflower Compact (1620, self-government), Declaration of Independence (1776), Constitution (1787), Bill of Rights (1791).

California history sequence: Native peoples, Spanish missions (1769-1823), Mexican rancho period (1821-1848), Gold Rush (1848), Transcontinental Railroad (1869), Progressive reforms.

Major California geography: Central Valley, Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, Mojave Desert, San Andreas Fault; Mediterranean climate with wet winters and dry summers.

Economic concepts: scarcity, opportunity cost, supply and demand, incentives, specialization, and the circular flow of goods, resources, and money.

Primary vs. secondary sources: artifacts, letters, laws, and photographs from the period are primary; textbooks and encyclopedias are secondary.

Ancient civilizations comparison: Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates, cuneiform), Egypt (Nile, hieroglyphs), India (Indus, Hinduism/Buddhism), China (Yellow River, dynastic cycle).

Place value: each position is ten times the value of the position to its right; 0.1 = 1/10, 0.01 = 1/100, so 3.47 = 3 + 4/10 + 7/100.

Fraction operations: multiply numerators and denominators; divide by multiplying by the reciprocal; add/subtract only with common denominators.

Order of operations: parentheses/brackets, exponents, multiplication and division left to right, addition and subtraction left to right.

Percent: part = percent x whole; percent change = (new - old)/old x 100; a 20% discount multiplies price by 0.80.

Proportional reasoning: set up a/b = c/d and cross-multiply; unit rate is the constant of proportionality in y = kx.

Area and volume: rectangle A = lw, triangle A = bh/2, circle A = pi r^2, circumference C = 2 pi r; prism V = Bh, cylinder V = pi r^2 h.

Mean, median, mode, range: mean is sensitive to outliers; median is the middle value of ordered data; range = max - min.

Probability of a single event = favorable outcomes / total equally likely outcomes; independent events multiply (1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36).

Angle facts: triangle angles sum to 180 degrees, quadrilateral to 360 degrees; complementary = 90 degrees, supplementary = 180 degrees; vertical angles are equal.

Scientific inquiry sequence: question, hypothesis, controlled experiment (one independent variable), data collection, analysis, conclusion; repetition and replication strengthen claims.

Cell theory: all living things are made of cells, cells arise from existing cells; plant cells add cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.

Photosynthesis (6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2) occurs in chloroplasts; cellular respiration (reverse) occurs mainly in mitochondria.

Newton's laws: inertia (first), F = ma (second), equal and opposite action-reaction forces (third); weight = mass x gravity.

Energy forms and transfer: conduction (contact), convection (fluid currents), radiation (electromagnetic waves); energy is conserved but degrades in transformations.

Earth science: plate boundaries are divergent (new crust), convergent (subduction, mountains), and transform (faults, earthquakes); California's San Andreas is transform.

Water cycle terms: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and groundwater.

Rock types: igneous (cooled magma/lava), sedimentary (compacted layers, fossils), metamorphic (heat and pressure); rock cycle links all three.

Moon phases repeat about every 29.5 days; seasons result from Earth's 23.5-degree axial tilt, not distance from the Sun.

Fitness components: health-related (cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition) and skill-related (agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, speed).

FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type; the formula for designing and adjusting a personal fitness plan.

Target heart rate: estimated max HR = 220 - age; moderate intensity is about 50-70% and vigorous about 70-85% of max.

Aerobic activity uses oxygen over sustained time; anaerobic activity is short, high intensity (sprints, heavy lifts); the body uses ATP-PC, then glycolysis, then oxidative systems.

Motor development sequence: reflexive, rudimentary, fundamental (locomotor, non-locomotor, manipulative), then specialized sport skills.

Skill learning stages: cognitive (thinking through steps), associative (practice and refinement), autonomous (automatic, low attention demand).

Biomechanical principles: force production, base of support, center of gravity, leverage, and transfer of weight improve movement efficiency.

National guidelines: children and adolescents need about 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily; adults need 150 minutes weekly of moderate activity.

Inclusive PE: modify space, equipment size, rules, and time rather than excluding students; cooperative games raise participation.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, symbolic play, egocentrism), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification), formal operational (11+, abstract reasoning).

Erikson's psychosocial stages pair a crisis with a virtue; school-age (industry vs. inferiority) and adolescence (identity vs. role confusion) are the most classroom-relevant.

Vygotsky: learning is social; the zone of proximal development is the gap between independent and assisted performance; scaffolding and private speech support growth.

Kohlberg's moral stages: preconventional (reward/punishment), conventional (social approval, law and order), postconventional (universal principles).

Maslow's hierarchy: physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization; lower needs generally must be met before higher ones motivate.

Language development: cooing, babbling, one-word (holophrastic), telegraphic two-word, then complex sentences; receptive language precedes expressive.

Attachment styles (Ainsworth): secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized; secure attachment predicts better school adjustment.

Bronfenbrenner's ecological model: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem shape a child's development.

Classroom applications: developmentally appropriate practice, differentiated instruction, and clear routines support self-regulation and executive function.

Elements of art: line, shape, form, color, value, texture, space; principles of design: balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, unity, variety.

Color theory: primary colors (red, yellow, blue in traditional pigment theory), secondary colors from mixing two primaries, complementary colors opposite on the color wheel.

Art media and processes: drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, collage, photography, and digital media; each has distinct tools and safety rules.

Art history sequence: cave art, Egyptian, Greek/Roman, medieval, Renaissance (perspective), Baroque, Impressionism, modern and contemporary movements.

Music elements: melody, harmony, rhythm, form, timbre, dynamics, tempo; families are strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion, and keyboard.

Music notation basics: staff, treble and bass clefs, note values (whole, half, quarter, eighth), time signatures (4/4, 3/4), and rests.

Dance elements: body, action, space, time, energy (Laban/BEST); choreographic devices include repetition, canon, mirroring, and levels.

Theater elements: script, plot, character, setting, dialogue, stage directions; stage areas use upstage, downstage, stage left, and stage right from the actor's view.

Arts integration connects an art form to another content area through shared concepts (pattern in math and visual art) while keeping arts standards intact.