CSET Multiple Subjects (101/214/225) flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual phonemes in spoken words, such as blending /k/ /a/ /t/ into cat or segmenting cat into three sounds.

Phonics

Instruction that teaches the predictable relationships between letters (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes) so readers can decode unfamiliar printed words.

Fluency dimensions

Reading fluency combines accuracy in word recognition, automatic rate, and prosody, the expression and phrasing that show comprehension is keeping pace with decoding.

Expository text structures

Common organizational patterns in informational text: description, sequence, compare-contrast, cause-effect, and problem-solution, each signaled by characteristic transition words.

Metaphor vs. simile

A simile compares two unlike things using like or as; a metaphor states the comparison directly without like or as, as in the classroom was a zoo.

Checks and balances

Constitutional mechanisms by which each branch limits the others, including veto and override, Senate confirmation, judicial review, and the power to declare war.

Federalism powers

The division of authority among national and state governments: delegated powers belong to the federal government, reserved powers to states, and concurrent powers to both.

California statehood

California became the 31st state on September 9, 1850, after the Gold Rush population surge; its 1849 constitution banned slavery and was written before statehood.

Primary source

A firsthand record created during the period studied, such as letters, diaries, photographs, laws, or artifacts, as opposed to later textbooks or encyclopedias.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next best alternative given up when a choice is made, a core economic concept arising from scarcity of limited resources.

Dividing fractions

To divide by a fraction, multiply by its reciprocal, so 3/4 divided by 2/5 equals 3/4 times 5/2, or 15/8.

Order of operations

The conventional sequence for evaluating expressions: grouping symbols, exponents, multiplication and division left to right, then addition and subtraction left to right.

Percent change

The ratio of the amount of increase or decrease to the original amount, multiplied by 100; a change from 40 to 50 is a 25 percent increase.

Circle formulas

For a circle of radius r, circumference equals 2 times pi times r and area equals pi times r squared; pi is approximately 3.14.

Mean vs. median

The mean is the sum divided by the count and shifts with outliers; the median is the middle value of ordered data and resists extreme values.

Independent events

Events whose outcomes do not affect each other; the probability of both equals the product of their individual probabilities, as with two coin flips.

Triangle angle sum

The three interior angles of any triangle always add to 180 degrees, which with supplementary angles allows finding unknown angle measures.

Controlled experiment

A test in which all variables are held constant except one independent variable, so any change in the dependent variable can be attributed to that cause.

Photosynthesis equation

Six carbon dioxide molecules plus six water molecules plus light energy produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules inside chloroplasts.

Newton's second law

Acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on it divided by its mass, commonly written F = ma; greater mass means less acceleration for the same force.

Plate boundaries

Divergent boundaries create new crust, convergent boundaries produce subduction and mountains, and transform boundaries slide past each other, causing earthquakes.

Rock cycle

The ongoing transformation among igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock through melting, cooling, weathering, erosion, compaction, heat, and pressure.

Health-related fitness

The five components tied to health outcomes: cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

FITT principle

A framework for exercise design using Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type; adjusting these variables progressively overloads the body and drives fitness gains.

Target heart rate

A training range computed from estimated maximum heart rate, roughly 220 minus age, with moderate intensity near 50 to 70 percent of that maximum.

Skill learning stages

Learners move from the cognitive stage of thinking through steps, to the associative stage of practice and refinement, to the autonomous stage of automatic performance.

Piaget's concrete operational

Ages roughly 7 to 11, when children master conservation, classification, and reversibility but still reason about concrete rather than abstract ideas.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more capable peer or adult.

Erikson industry vs. inferiority

The school-age psychosocial crisis, roughly 6 to 12, in which success at tasks builds competence and repeated failure can produce feelings of inadequacy.

Kohlberg moral stages

Moral reasoning progresses from preconventional concerns with reward and punishment, to conventional law and social approval, to postconventional universal principles.

Elements of art

The basic visual building blocks: line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space, used together according to principles such as balance and emphasis.

Complementary colors

Pairs located opposite each other on the color wheel, such as red and green or blue and orange, which create strong visual contrast when placed together.

Music instrument families

The standard orchestral groupings: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion, distinguished by how sound is produced and amplified.