CSSBB flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Hoshin Kanri

Policy deployment method that cascades strategic objectives into annual improvement priorities, targets, and owners, typically using a matrix to guarantee organization-wide alignment.

Cost of poor quality

Sum of internal and external failure costs plus appraisal costs; used to size the financial opportunity and justify Six Sigma projects to leadership.

Balanced scorecard

Performance framework with four perspectives, financial, customer, internal process, and learning and growth, that balances lagging results against leading drivers.

Six Sigma champion

Senior leader who sponsors projects, allocates resources, removes organizational barriers, and validates the financial benefits claimed by project teams.

Rolled throughput yield

Product of the first-pass yields of every step in a process; gives the probability a unit passes through without any rework or scrap.

DPMO

Defects per million opportunities, calculated as defects divided by the product of units and opportunities, then multiplied by one million.

Takt time

Available production time divided by customer demand; sets the pace at which a process must produce in order to meet customer requirements.

OEE

Overall Equipment Effectiveness, equal to availability times performance times quality; measures how much scheduled time produces good product.

Tuckman team stages

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning; the predictable sequence a team passes through as it matures and eventually disbands.

RACI matrix

Grid assigning Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed roles for each activity; exactly one person should be accountable per activity.

Nominal group technique

Structured group method where members silently write ideas, share them round-robin, clarify each one, then rank-vote to select priority items.

Thomas-Kilmann conflict modes

Five conflict-handling approaches, competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating, chosen by balancing assertiveness against cooperativeness.

Project charter

Document stating the business case, problem and goal statements, scope boundaries, team members, milestones, and expected benefits; it formally authorizes the project.

SMART goal statement

Goal wording that is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound, and that states the metric, baseline, target, and deadline.

Critical path

Longest sequence of dependent activities through a project network; it sets the minimum project duration and carries zero float.

CTQ tree

Tool that translates broad voice-of-customer needs into quality drivers and then into measurable critical-to-quality characteristics with operational definitions.

Gage R&R

Measurement system study separating repeatability (equipment variation) from reproducibility (appraiser variation); percent study variation below 10% is generally acceptable.

Repeatability versus reproducibility

Repeatability is variation when one appraiser measures the same parts repeatedly; reproducibility is variation in average measurements between different appraisers.

Rational subgroup

Subgroup chosen so within-subgroup variation reflects only common causes, usually consecutive units; between-subgroup differences then reveal process shifts.

Attribute agreement analysis

Evaluation of discrete measurement systems using percent agreement within appraiser, between appraisers, and against a known standard, plus kappa statistics.

Type I error

Rejecting a true null hypothesis; its probability equals alpha, the producer's risk, and it is also called a false positive.

Power of a test

Probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis; equals 1 minus beta and increases with larger sample size and larger true effect.

ANOVA

Statistical test comparing means of three or more groups; the F ratio equals between-group mean square divided by within-group mean square.

RPN in FMEA

Risk Priority Number, calculated as severity times occurrence times detection; higher values flag failure modes that need priority action.

Multi-vari chart

Graph that separates within-piece, piece-to-piece, and time-to-time variation on one display to identify the dominant source of variation.

Fractional factorial resolution

Resolution III confounds main effects with two-factor interactions; resolution IV confounds them with three-factor interactions; resolution V keeps main effects clear.

Poka-yoke

Mistake-proofing device or design that prevents an error from occurring or detects it immediately so it cannot pass to the next step.

SMED

Single-Minute Exchange of Die; a lean method that converts internal setup work, done while the machine is stopped, into external setup.

5S

Workplace organization method with five steps, sort, set in order, shine, standardize, sustain, that exposes waste and supports visual control.

p-chart

Attribute control chart plotting fraction defective per subgroup; accommodates varying subgroup sizes by using an average proportion for the control limits.

Western Electric rules

Sensitivity rules for control charts, including one point beyond three sigma, two of three beyond two sigma, and runs of eight on one side of the centerline.

Control plan

Document listing each process characteristic, specification, measurement method, sample size and frequency, control method, and the reaction plan for out-of-control conditions.