CSSC MBB flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

DPMO

Defects per million opportunities: defects divided by units times opportunities, multiplied by one million. It normalizes defect counts across processes with different complexity.

Rolled Throughput Yield

The product of first-pass yields of all process steps. It exposes hidden rework, because a step that passes 95 percent five times yields only about 77 percent overall.

Cost of Poor Quality

Total cost of prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure. Internal and external failure costs are avoidable losses; prevention and appraisal are planned investments.

Eight Wastes

Transport, Inventory, Motion, Waiting, Overproduction, Over-processing, Defects, and Skills underuse. Overproduction is usually ranked as the most damaging waste.

CTQ Tree

A hierarchical translation of a vague customer statement into specific, measurable characteristics, each with a target and specification limits used for capability analysis.

SIPOC Diagram

A high-level map of Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, and Customers. It establishes project boundaries and identifies who supplies and receives the process output.

Kano Model

Classifies requirements as must-be, performance, or delighter. Must-be absence causes dissatisfaction; delighters create satisfaction but their absence is not penalized.

SMART Goal Statement

A goal that is specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound. It states the target metric, baseline, and deadline without naming a cause or solution.

Project Charter

The signed document authorizing a project. It contains the business case, problem and goal statements, scope boundaries, milestones, team roles, and sponsor approval.

RACI Matrix

Assigns Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed roles per deliverable. Exactly one person is Accountable, preventing shared and therefore absent ownership.

Tuckman Stages

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. Conflict peaks in Storming, so leaders should establish ground rules early rather than suppress disagreement.

Critical Path

The longest-duration path through the project network. Its activities have zero float, so any delay on them delays the whole project completion date.

Repeatability vs Reproducibility

Repeatability is variation when one appraiser measures the same item repeatedly, mainly equipment. Reproducibility is variation between different appraisers measuring the same items.

Gage R&R Percent

GRR variation divided by total variation or tolerance, times one hundred. Below ten percent is acceptable, above thirty percent requires measurement system improvement.

Cp versus Cpk

Cp compares tolerance width to six sigma and ignores centering. Cpk divides the nearer specification distance by three sigma, so off-center processes score lower.

Attribute Agreement Analysis

Evaluates discrete measurement systems by comparing each appraiser with themselves and with a standard. Kappa near one indicates agreement beyond chance.

Type I and Type II Error

Type I error rejects a true null hypothesis, a false alarm at probability alpha. Type II error fails to reject a false null, a missed effect at probability beta.

ANOVA

Compares means of three or more groups by partitioning total variation into between-group and within-group components, then testing their ratio with an F statistic.

Paired t-Test

Compares two related measurements on the same units, such as before and after, by testing whether the mean of the differences equals zero. It removes unit-to-unit variation.

RPN

Risk Priority Number equals Severity times Occurrence times Detection in FMEA. High-severity items are addressed regardless of their total score.

Multi-Vari Study

A graphical study that separates variation into positional, cyclical, and temporal families. It narrows the search for dominant causes before formal hypothesis testing.

Full Factorial Design

An experiment running every combination of factor levels, requiring two to the k runs. It estimates all main effects and interactions without aliasing.

Fractional Factorial Design

A designed experiment using a subset of full factorial runs. It aliases some effects, so resolution four or higher is preferred when interactions may matter.

Interaction Effect

Occurs when the effect of one factor on the response depends on the level of another factor. One-factor-at-a-time experiments cannot detect interactions.

Poka-Yoke

Error-proofing that makes a defect impossible or immediately detectable at the source. It ranks above training and procedures because it does not rely on attention.

Control Plan

Documents each critical characteristic with its specification, measurement method, sampling frequency, control method, reaction plan, and responsible owner.

Control Chart Selection

Use Xbar-R for subgroups of two to nine, Xbar-S for ten or more, and individuals charts for single observations. Use p, np, c, or u charts for attribute data.

Western Electric Rules

Signals of special cause: one point beyond three sigma, two of three beyond two sigma, four of five beyond one sigma, or eight consecutive points on one side.

Specification versus Control Limits

Specification limits come from customer requirements and define capability. Control limits come from process data at plus or minus three sigma and define stability.

DMADV

Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify. This DFSS roadmap creates a new process or product rather than repairing an existing one, as DMAIC does.

Quality Function Deployment

A structured method, starting with the house of quality, that converts customer requirements into ranked design characteristics and target values for development.

Taguchi Loss Function

A quadratic loss that increases as a characteristic departs from its target, even while still inside specification. It motivates reducing variation, not just passing inspection.

DFMEA versus PFMEA

DFMEA analyzes failure modes of a design before it exists; PFMEA analyzes failure modes of the manufacturing or service process. Both are updated when changes occur.