Atestace Oftalmologie flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Corneal endothelial pump

The corneal endothelium actively transports fluid out of the stroma to maintain corneal clarity. It does not regenerate; loss leads to stromal edema and corneal haze.

Aqueous humor outflow pathway

Aqueous humor flows from the ciliary body into the posterior chamber, through the pupil into the anterior chamber, then exits via the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal into episcleral veins.

Optic chiasm crossing

At the optic chiasm, fibers from the nasal retina (temporal visual field) cross to the opposite side, while temporal retinal fibers remain ipsilateral. This arrangement allows binocular visual field representation.

Gullstrand reduced eye

A simplified eye model with total refractive power about 60 diopters (cornea 43 D, lens 20 D) and axial length 24 mm. A 1 mm axial length change alters refraction by about 3 diopters.

Spherical equivalent

The spherical equivalent is calculated as sphere power plus half the cylinder power. It provides a single value for estimating refractive error and intraocular lens power when astigmatism is present.

Contact lens Dk/t

Dk/t measures oxygen transmissibility of a contact lens, where Dk is oxygen permeability and t is thickness. Higher Dk/t reduces corneal hypoxia and complications, especially in extended wear.

Goldmann applanation tonometry

Goldmann applanation tonometry measures intraocular pressure by flattening a fixed corneal area. Central corneal thickness affects accuracy; thicker corneas tend to overestimate true intraocular pressure.

Optical coherence tomography

OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce cross-sectional retinal images. It quantifies macular edema, subretinal fluid, and ganglion cell loss, aiding diagnosis and monitoring of retinal and glaucomatous disease.

Fluorescein angiography

Fundus fluorescein angiography uses intravenous fluorescein and specialized filters to image retinal vasculature. It identifies leakage, non-perfusion, and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration.

Chalazion versus hordeolum

A chalazion is a sterile granuloma from a blocked meibomian gland, treated with warm compresses or incision. A hordeolum is an acute bacterial infection of a lid gland, often requiring antibiotics.

Horner syndrome signs

Horner syndrome presents with unilateral ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis due to sympathetic pathway disruption. Causes include brainstem stroke, Pancoast tumor, and carotid dissection.

Orbital cellulitis

Orbital cellulitis is a serious infection of orbital tissues presenting with fever, proptosis, pain on eye movement, and restricted motility. It requires urgent intravenous antibiotics and imaging to exclude abscess.

Bacterial conjunctivitis

Bacterial conjunctivitis causes purulent discharge and papillary conjunctival reaction. Common pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae; treatment is topical antibiotics.

Herpes simplex keratitis

Herpes simplex keratitis typically presents with a dendritic corneal ulcer with terminal bulbs, stained by fluorescein. Treatment includes topical ganciclovir or oral acyclovir; topical steroids alone are contraindicated.

Keratoconus

Keratoconus is progressive corneal thinning and ectasia causing irregular astigmatism and reduced vision. Management includes rigid contact lenses and corneal cross-linking to slow progression.

Anterior uveitis signs

Anterior uveitis presents with eye pain, photophobia, ciliary flush, miosis, and cells and flare in the anterior chamber. It is often associated with HLA-B27 or herpes infection.

Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis

Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis causes focal necrotizing retinitis adjacent to an old scar with vitritis, described as headlight in fog. Treatment includes pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine or clindamycin.

Sympathetic ophthalmia

Sympathetic ophthalmia is bilateral granulomatous panuveitis following penetrating trauma to one eye. Enucleation of a blind injured eye within two weeks may prevent it.

Phacoemulsification

Phacoemulsification uses ultrasonic energy to fragment the crystalline lens through a small incision. A foldable intraocular lens is then implanted in the capsular bag to restore vision.

Postoperative endophthalmitis

Postoperative endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infection presenting with pain and vision loss days after cataract surgery. Staphylococcus epidermidis is common; treatment is intravitreal antibiotics, sometimes vitrectomy.

Posterior capsule opacification

Posterior capsule opacification is clouding of the lens capsule after cataract surgery causing reduced vision. It is treated with Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, which carries risks of retinal detachment and lens dislocation.

Primary open-angle glaucoma

Primary open-angle glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy with cupping and visual field loss, usually with elevated intraocular pressure. First-line treatment is prostaglandin analog eye drops such as latanoprost.

Acute angle-closure glaucoma

Acute angle-closure glaucoma presents with severe eye pain, halos, mid-dilated pupil, corneal edema, and high intraocular pressure. Treatment includes topical beta-blocker, pilocarpine, intravenous acetazolamide, and laser iridotomy.

Glaucomatous visual field defects

Glaucomatous visual field defects include arcuate scotomas, nasal steps, and paracentral scotomas. Advanced disease may leave only a central island or temporal remnant of vision.

Diabetic macular edema

Diabetic macular edema is retinal thickening in the central macula causing vision loss. First-line treatment is anti-VEGF injections; focal laser is used for non-center-involving edema.

Central retinal artery occlusion

Central retinal artery occlusion causes sudden painless monocular vision loss with a pale retina and cherry-red spot. It is an emergency requiring ocular massage, intraocular pressure lowering, and systemic workup.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurs when a retinal tear allows vitreous fluid to separate the retina. Symptoms include photopsia, floaters, and a visual field defect; surgery is required.

Optic neuritis

Optic neuritis causes painful vision loss, relative afferent pupillary defect, and dyschromatopsia. It is associated with multiple sclerosis and requires MRI brain and orbits with contrast.

Papilledema

Papilledema is bilateral optic disc swelling due to raised intracranial pressure. Visual acuity is preserved until late; urgent neuroimaging and lumbar puncture are indicated.

Third nerve palsy

Third nerve palsy causes ptosis, a down-and-out eye, and mydriasis. Pupil involvement suggests a compressive lesion such as an aneurysm, requiring urgent imaging.

Leukocoria

Leukocoria is a white pupillary reflex in a child. Causes include congenital cataract, retinoblastoma, Coats disease, persistent fetal vasculature, and toxocariasis; urgent evaluation is needed.

Retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity affects preterm infants born before 32 weeks or under 1500 grams. Screening is by indirect ophthalmoscopy; type 1 disease is treated with laser or anti-VEGF.