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Czech Hunting Exam: myslivost foundations study materials
Czech Hunting Exam: myslivost foundations study resources

Czech Hunting Exam: myslivost foundations practice questions

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Question 1Myslivecka Vychova A Historie

According to Czech hunting traditions, on which side of the hunting hat should a hunter wear the honor twig (úlomek) awarded after successfully harvesting cloven-hoofed game (spárkatá zvěř)?

  1. On the right side of the hunting hat (pravá strana klobouku) Correct answer.
  2. On the left side of the hunting hat (levá strana klobouku)
  3. Directly on the front above the hatband emblem
  4. Fastened at the rear seam of the hat pointing downwards

Explanation

In Czech hunting customs, the trophy or honor twig (úlomek) is presented to the successful hunter by the hunt leader or guide on the blade of a hunting hanger (lovecký tesák) or hat. The hunter breaks off a small piece for their guide or dog and affixes their own piece strictly to the right side of the hunting hat, stained with game blood.

Question 2Myslivecka Vychova A Historie

In traditional Czech hunting terminology (myslivecká mluva), what are the correct terms used for the eyes and ears of cloven-hoofed game (spárkatá zvěř)?

  1. Eyes are called 'světla' (lights) and ears are called 'slechy' (hearers) Correct answer.
  2. Eyes are called 'oči' and ears are called 'uši'
  3. Eyes are called 'pohledy' and ears are called 'boltce'
  4. Eyes are called 'zrcadla' and ears are called 'větrníky'

Explanation

Czech hunting terminology (myslivecká mluva) has a rich 500-year codified vocabulary. Cloven-hoofed game eyes are respectfully referred to as 'světla' and ears as 'slechy'. Using vernacular words like 'oči' or 'uši' is considered a breach of hunting decorum during examinations and field rituals.

Question 3Myslivecka Vychova A Historie

During the final ceremony of a collective hunt (výřad), on which side must cloven-hoofed game (spárkatá zvěř) and small game be laid according to customary hunting etiquette?

  1. On their right flank (pravý bok), facing the hunters and hunt leaders Correct answer.
  2. On their left flank (levý bok), facing away from the firing line
  3. On their back with legs positioned upwards towards the sky
  4. On their stomach with the head pointing towards the game wagons

Explanation

According to ancient hunting custom, all game displayed on the tableau (výřad) must be placed on its right flank ('na pravém boku'). This leaves the heart side (left flank) upward, symbolizing the hunter's deep respect for the animal's life. The game faces the hunt leader (hospodář) and line of shooters.

Question 4Myslivecka Vychova A Historie

In what year was the unified Czech Hunting Union (Československá myslivecká jednota, predecessor of today's ČMMJ) founded in Brno, consolidating regional gamekeeping associations?

  1. 1923 Correct answer.
  2. 1848
  3. 1950
  4. 1993

Explanation

The unified Czechoslovak Hunting Union (Československá myslivecká jednota) was founded on 22 April 1923 in Brno. This historic unification gathered disparate regional clubs under a single democratic gamekeeping and conservation organization, laying the foundation for modern organized hunting across the Czech lands.

Question 5Myslivecka Vychova A Historie

Which historical figures are revered as the primary patron saints of hunters and gamekeepers in Czech hunting heritage, and what is their common symbolic icon?

  1. St. Hubert and St. Eustace (svatý Hubert a svatý Eustach), symbolized by a stag with a radiant crucifix between its antlers Correct answer.
  2. St. Wenceslaus and St. Procopius, symbolized by a silver hunting hawk and golden spur
  3. St. George and St. Martin, symbolized by a spear piercing a dragon and a divided cloak
  4. St. Francis of Assisi and St. Anthony, symbolized by a wolf drinking from a holy basin

Explanation

St. Eustace (historical patron since Roman times) and St. Hubert (Bishop of Liège, 8th century) are the twin patron saints of Czech hunters. Both converted after encountering a magnificent stag displaying a luminous crucifix between its antlers, an encounter that symbolizes ethical restraint, compassion, and divine order in nature.

Question 6Myslivecka Vychova A Historie

In Czech hunting terminology (myslivecká mluva), which word must be used to designate the blood of game animals, and what term describes the blood trail left after a shot?

  1. The blood of game is called 'barva' (color) and the blood trail is called 'pobarvená stopa' Correct answer.
  2. The blood is called 'krev' and the trail is called 'krvavá stopa'
  3. The blood is called 'pot' and the trail is called 'potní čára'
  4. The blood is called 'míza' and the trail is called 'mízový zásek'

Explanation

One of the most fundamental tenets of Czech hunting language is using the word 'barva' (color) instead of 'krev' for the blood of wild game animals. Consequently, bloodhounds trained to track wounded game are called 'barváři', and a trail marked with droplets of blood is called 'pobarvená stopa' or 'barvení'.

Question 7Myslivecka Vychova A Historie

What is the precise placement and cultural significance of the 'last bite' (poslední hryz) and the 'in-possession twig' (vlastnický úlomek) after harvesting a stag or wild boar?

  1. The 'poslední hryz' is placed in the animal's mouth as an offering of peace, and the 'vlastnický úlomek' is laid across the animal's entrance wound showing the broken end towards the head for males Correct answer.
  2. The 'poslední hryz' is placed on the hunter's tongue, and the 'vlastnický úlomek' is tied to the animal's left hind leg
  3. The 'poslední hryz' is fed to the hunting hound on the spot, and the 'vlastnický úlomek' is burnt inside the empty cartridge case
  4. The 'poslední hryz' is carved into the trunk of a tree, and the 'vlastnický úlomek' is hung on the animal's right antler

Explanation

Immediately after harvesting cloven-hoofed game, the hunter pays tribute through two twigs: the 'poslední hryz' (last bite) is placed between the animal's teeth/mouth as an apology to nature, and the 'vlastnický úlomek' (ownership branch) is placed on the animal's ribs over the bullet entrance wound. For male game, the broken end points toward the head; for female game, it points toward the tail.

Question 8Pravni Predpisy

Under Section 17 of the Czech Hunting Act (Act No. 449/2001 Sb.), what is the minimum continuous acreage required to establish a standard hunting ground (honitba)?

  1. 500 hectares of contiguous hunting land (honební pozemky) Correct answer.
  2. 250 hectares of contiguous hunting land
  3. 1,000 hectares of contiguous hunting land
  4. 100 hectares of contiguous hunting land

Explanation

Section 17(1) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb. mandates that a hunting ground (honitba) must form a contiguous territory comprising at least 500 hectares of hunting land. For a game preserve (obora), the statutory minimum acreage is 50 hectares.

Question 9Pravni Predpisy

According to Section 46 of Act No. 449/2001 Sb., which documents must a person carry while hunting game in 2026?

  1. Hunting license (lovecký lístek), hunting permit (povolenka k lovu), and proof of mandatory liability insurance; also the bird of prey's record card when hunting with one Correct answer.
  2. Hunting license and hunting permit; proof of insurance is required only after an accident
  3. Hunting license, hunting permit, and a physical firearms-authorization card
  4. Hunting permit and proof of insurance; the hunting license may be left with the hunting-ground user

Explanation

The current text of Section 46 requires the hunter to carry the hunting license, hunting permit, and proof of mandatory insurance, plus the bird of prey's record card when applicable. It no longer lists the former physical firearms licence and firearm registration card among the documents carried under this hunting-law provision; the firearms regime became electronic under Act No. 90/2024 Sb. on 1 January 2026.

Question 10Pravni Predpisy

Under the Czech Hunting Act, who acts as the legal representative and external executive of a Hunting Association (honební společenstvo)?

  1. The Hunting Mayor (honební starosta) or the hunting committee (honební výbor) Correct answer.
  2. The president of the Czech Agrarian Chamber
  3. The district chief of police
  4. The oldest registered dog handler in the municipality

Explanation

Sections 19 to 28 of Act No. 449/2001 Sb. govern the hunting association (honební společenstvo), which is a legal entity formed by landowners. Its statutory representative acting externally is the Hunting Mayor (honební starosta), or where elected, the hunting committee (honební výbor).

Question 11Pravni Predpisy

What happened in 2026 to the former Category C firearms licence (zbrojní průkaz skupiny C) for hunting?

  1. It ceased to be a current licence category; Act No. 90/2024 Sb. now uses General and Extended firearms authorizations, while hunting-law documents remain separately required Correct answer.
  2. It became the only valid authorization for every civilian firearm activity
  3. It was renamed a Category B driving licence
  4. It remains a mandatory physical card issued under repealed Act No. 119/2002 Sb.

Explanation

Act No. 90/2024 Sb., effective 1 January 2026, replaced the old A–E physical firearms-licence groups with General (obecné) and Extended (rozšířené) firearms authorizations recorded electronically. A hunter must comply with that current firearms regime as well as the separate hunting-license, permit, and insurance requirements in hunting law.

Question 12Pravni Predpisy

Under Section 45(1)(l) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb., what is the minimum kinetic energy of rifle ammunition required at 100 meters (E100) for shooting all cloven-hoofed game (spárkatá zvěř) other than roe deer?

  1. At least 1,500 Joules (1 500 J) Correct answer.
  2. At least 1,000 Joules (1 000 J)
  3. At least 2,500 Joules (2 500 J)
  4. At least 500 Joules (500 J)

Explanation

Section 45(1)(l) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb. explicitly prohibits shooting cloven-hoofed game (with the statutory exception of roe deer) using rifle ammunition whose kinetic bullet energy at 100 meters is less than 1,500 Joules (E100 < 1,500 J). This ensures clean, humane, and lethal harvests.

Question 13Pravni Predpisy

Under Section 45(1)(m) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb., what is the minimum kinetic energy requirement at 100 meters (E100) for rifle bullets used to harvest roe deer (srnčí zvěř)?

  1. At least 1,000 Joules (1 000 J) Correct answer.
  2. At least 500 Joules (500 J)
  3. At least 1,500 Joules (1 500 J)
  4. At least 2,000 Joules (2 000 J)

Explanation

Section 45(1)(m) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb. prohibits shooting roe deer with rifle cartridges delivering a kinetic energy of less than 1,000 Joules at 100 meters. Popular calibers such as .222 Remington or .223 Remington meet this 1,000 J requirement when loaded with appropriate hunting projectiles.

Question 14Pravni Predpisy

Under Decree No. 245/2002 Sb. as amended by Decree No. 64/2025 Sb., what is the general hunting season for wild boar (prase divoké)?

  1. 1 January through 31 December for wild boar generally, subject to other legal and animal-welfare restrictions Correct answer.
  2. Only 1 September through 31 December
  3. Only mature tuskers from 1 May through 30 September
  4. No hunting season is prescribed because wild boar may never be hunted

Explanation

The current Section 1(k) of Decree No. 245/2002 Sb., in the wording introduced by Decree No. 64/2025 Sb., sets the wild-boar season from 1 January to 31 December. That season does not override separate prohibitions, permit conditions, safety duties, or animal-welfare rules.

Question 15Pravni Predpisy

How does the Czech Nature and Landscape Protection Act (Act No. 114/1992 Sb.) intersect with the Hunting Act regarding specially protected animal species (zvláště chránění živočichové, such as wolf, bear, or lynx)?

  1. Specially protected animals can never be hunted unless a statutory exception (výjimka) is granted by the competent nature conservation authority, even if listed in the hunting statute Correct answer.
  2. Listing an animal as game under the Hunting Act is sufficient authority to hunt it during a stated season
  3. The state hunting administration may authorize the hunt without a nature-conservation exception
  4. A hunting-ground user's approved cull plan operates as the required nature-conservation exception

Explanation

Under Section 56 of Act No. 114/1992 Sb. and Section 2 of Act No. 449/2001 Sb., species designated as critically or strongly endangered (such as the wolf, lynx, or brown bear) enjoy absolute legal protection. Even if technically categorized as game animals, harvesting them is prohibited unless an explicit statutory exemption (výjimka ze zákazu) is granted by the relevant Nature Conservation Agency.

Question 16Pravni Predpisy

Which of the following categories of land are considered non-hunting land (nehonební pozemky) ex lege under Section 2(e) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb.?

  1. Land within built-up municipality perimeters, fenced gardens, railway roadbeds, highways, and public airport areas Correct answer.
  2. All privately owned commercial forest land exceeding 50 hectares
  3. Any arable field cultivated with monoculture winter wheat or oilseed rape
  4. State-owned nature reserves located outside military training areas

Explanation

Section 2(e) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb. defines non-hunting lands (nehonební pozemky) by law: plots within built-up urban boundaries (zastavěná území), fenced house gardens and orchards, railway tracks, highways, designated motorways, airports, and cemeteries. Discharging firearms or conducting hunts on non-hunting lands is strictly regulated or prohibited for public safety.

Question 17Pravni Predpisy

Which of the following harvesting methods is strictly prohibited by both Act No. 449/2001 Sb. (§ 45) and Act No. 246/1992 Sb. on the Protection of Animals Against Cruelty?

  1. Hunting using leg-hold traps (čelisťové pasti), snares (oka), poisoned baits (otrávené návnady), or blinding devices Correct answer.
  2. Hunting using bolt-action centerfire rifles equipped with variable optical scopes
  3. Hunting driven pheasants using smoothbore double-barrel shotguns with certified steel shot
  4. Hunting wild boar from covered high-seat towers (myslivecké kazatelny) overlooking food bait stations

Explanation

Both Section 45(1) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb. and the Animal Welfare Act (Act No. 246/1992 Sb.) strictly prohibit cruel, non-selective, and painful capture devices. This includes spring leg-hold traps (čelisťové a nášlapné pasti), wire snares (oka), electrical killing devices, poison baits (such as carbofuran), and blinding lights.

Question 18Pravni Predpisy

Under Section 46(2) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb., which entity is legally authorized to issue a hunting permit (povolenka k lovu), and what must it specify?

  1. It is issued by the user of the hunting ground (uživatel honitby) and must specify the hunter's identity, the hunting ground, authorized game species/classes, and the validity timeframe Correct answer.
  2. It is issued by the local police department and authorizes unrestricted harvesting of any animal species across the district
  3. It is issued by the Czech Ministry of Environment and is valid indefinitely across all European Union forests
  4. It is issued by the landowner's neighbor and requires no specific date or game quotas

Explanation

Under Section 46(2) of Act No. 449/2001 Sb., the hunting permit (povolenka k lovu) is the fundamental document authorizing an individual to hunt in a specific territory. It is issued strictly by the hunting ground user (uživatel honitby) and signed by the Game Manager (myslivecký hospodář), detailing the authorized hunter, species, age/sex classes, and period.

Question 19Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What unique reproductive biology phenomenon occurs in European roe deer (srnec obecný - Capreolus capreolus) during summer mating?

  1. Delayed embryonic implantation (utajená březost / latentní březost), where embryonic development pauses until December Correct answer.
  2. Immediate implantation followed by a continuous gestation lasting about five months
  3. Delayed fertilization, in which sperm remain dormant until December before fertilizing the ovum
  4. A postpartum pause in development that begins only after the fawn is born

Explanation

Roe deer mate during the summer rut (srnčí říje) between mid-July and mid-August. They exhibit delayed embryonic implantation (utajená březost): the fertilized blastocyst enters a state of diapause and ceases development until December, when active embryonic growth resumes, ensuring fawns are born during favorable spring weather in May or June.

Question 20Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

During which time of the year does the rutting season of the red deer (jelen lesní říje) traditionally take place in Czech forests?

  1. From mid-September to early October (přibližně od poloviny září do začátku října) Correct answer.
  2. From late May to mid-June
  3. Throughout January and February during deep snow
  4. From early April to early May during leaf emergence

Explanation

The red deer rut (jelení říje) is one of the most magnificent spectacles in Czech nature, occurring typically from mid-September through early October. Mature stags (jeleni) challenge rivals with deep roaring (troubení), establish harems of hinds (laně), and defend their rutting territories.

Question 21Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What are the distinctive reproductive characteristics of the European brown hare (zajíc polní - Lepus europaeus) regarding litter frequency and development of newborn leverets?

  1. The female (zaječka) produces 3 to 4 litters per year, and the leverets are born precocial (fully furred with eyes wide open, ready to run) Correct answer.
  2. The female produces 1 litter per year of blind, hairless young kept deep inside underground burrows
  3. The female produces 3 to 4 litters per year, but the young are born blind and hairless in a burrow
  4. The female produces one litter per year of precocial young in an open ground form

Explanation

European hares (zajíc polní) are surface-dwelling animals that do not dig burrows. The female typically has 3 to 4 litters annually (between February and October). Unlike wild rabbits, newborn hare leverets are precocial (nekrmivá mláďata) - born fully furred, eyes open, and capable of moving shortly after birth.

Question 22Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What is the mating system and typical clutch size of the Common pheasant (bažant obecný - Phasianus colchicus) in Czech hunting habitats?

  1. Polygamous mating (polygamie), where a dominant cock (kohout) gathers a harem of hens (slepice), and the hen lays 10 to 15 eggs in a ground scrape Correct answer.
  2. Strict lifelong monogamy where the cock shares incubation duties of 2 eggs
  3. Polyandrous mating where one hen mates with multiple cocks and leaves them to incubate 30 eggs
  4. Asexual colonial nesting with communal broods in high tree canopies

Explanation

The Common pheasant exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism and a polygamous mating system. In spring, territorial cocks display vocal flapping and flapping calls (tokání) to attract multiple hens. The hen alone builds a concealed nest on the ground, laying a clutch of typically 10 to 15 olive-brown eggs and incubating them for 23 to 24 days.

Question 23Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What is the traditional Czech hunting term for the mating season of the Red fox (liška obecná), and in which calendar months does it peak?

  1. It is called 'kaňkování' and peaks in January and February Correct answer.
  2. It is called 'tokání' and peaks in April and May
  3. It is called 'chrutí' and peaks in November and December
  4. It is called 'říje' and peaks in August and September

Explanation

In Czech hunting terminology (myslivecká mluva), the mating period of foxes and other canine carnivores is called 'kaňkování'. In the Czech Republic, it takes place in the heart of winter, during January and February, accompanied by distinct barking vocalizations (skolení). Gestation lasts approximately 52 to 53 days.

Question 24Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What is the characteristic antler structure of a mature Fallow buck (daněk skvrnitý - Dama dama), and when does the fallow rut (daňčí říje) take place?

  1. Palmate or shovel-shaped antlers (lopatovité paroží); the rut takes place in October and November Correct answer.
  2. Spiral, non-shedding hollow horns; the rut takes place in March
  3. Thin unbranched spikes throughout life; the rut takes place in July
  4. Curved backwards horns without tines; the rut takes place in April

Explanation

Mature fallow bucks develop distinctive palmate antlers (lopaty) with serrated edges (krajkování) and rear spurs (ostruha). The fallow rut (daňčí říje) occurs in October and November, during which bucks claim traditional rutting pits (říjiště) and emit characteristic guttural rutting groans (rochání).

Question 25Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

In Czech hunting terminology and anatomy, what are the canine teeth of an adult male wild boar (kňour) called, and how are the lower and upper tusks distinguished?

  1. Lower canines are called 'páráky' (cutters/rippers) and upper canines are called 'klektáky' (grinders/strikers), together forming the hunting trophy (zbraně) Correct answer.
  2. Lower canines are called 'špičáky' and upper canines are called 'řezáky'
  3. Lower canines are called 'kelce' and upper canines are called 'hryzáky'
  4. Lower canines are called 'toulce' and upper canines are called 'růžky'

Explanation

In wild boar (prase divoké), the highly developed canines of the male (kňour) form the prized trophy collectively called 'zbraně' (weapons). The long, curved, triangular lower canines that inflict severe cuts are termed 'páráky', while the shorter, broader upper canines against which the lower tusks grind and sharpen are termed 'klektáky'.

Question 26Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

How do the horns of a Mouflon ram (muflon - Ovis musimon) differ fundamentally in anatomy and growth cycle from the antlers of cervids (red deer, roe deer, fallow deer)?

  1. Mouflon horns (toulce) are permanent, unbranched keratin sheaths covering a living bone core that grow continuously throughout life without being shed Correct answer.
  2. Mouflon horns are shed every spring and regrown in velvet within four months
  3. Mouflon horns are grown and dropped biannually during each summer solstice
  4. Mouflon horns consist of modified calcified dental enamel growing from the upper jaw

Explanation

The mouflon belongs to the family Bovidae (turovití). Unlike cervids, which shed and regenerate solid bone antlers (paroží) each year, bovids possess true horns (rohy/toulce). These are permanent hollow keratin sheaths over a bony core that grow continuously throughout life; annual growth rings (vruby) mark each year's progress and allow accurate age determination.

Question 27Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What is the biological nature of the winter dormancy of the Eurasian badger (jezevec lesní - Meles meles), and what characterizes its den system (jezevčí hrad)?

  1. It undergoes partial winter sleep (nepravý zimní spánek) with decreased body temperature, waking occasionally during warm spells; its den is a complex, multi-level underground labyrinth inhabited for generations Correct answer.
  2. It undergoes deep, irreversible true hibernation with core body temperature dropping to near 0°C without awakening until April
  3. It remains fully active throughout winter and uses a simple single-entrance den only for breeding
  4. It undergoes true hibernation, but wakes periodically in a shallow seasonal burrow

Explanation

The Eurasian badger practices non-continuous winter dormancy or partial sleep (nepravý zimní spánek). Its metabolic rate slows, but its core temperature drops only slightly, allowing it to emerge on mild winter days. Badgers excavate massive, multi-tiered underground den systems ('jezevčí hrad') with separate latrines (jezevčí záchodky), nest chambers, and ventilation tunnels used by consecutive generations.

Question 28Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What biological adaptation occurs in male Mallards (kačer kachny divoké) during their summer post-breeding moult (pelichání)?

  1. They moult their flight remiges simultaneously, rendering them flightless for 3 to 4 weeks while adopting drab camouflage plumage (prostý šat) Correct answer.
  2. They replace the flight feathers sequentially, so they retain full flight while in bright breeding plumage
  3. They shed only body contour feathers and retain all flight feathers until autumn migration
  4. They become flightless because the tail feathers, rather than the remiges, are shed simultaneously

Explanation

In early summer after mating, drakes shed their brilliant nuptial plumage (svatební šat) and adopt cryptic female-like eclipse plumage (prostý šat) to hide from predators. Simultaneously, they shed all primary flight feathers (letky) at once, making them flightless (pelichající kačeři) for approximately 3 to 4 weeks while sheltering in dense reedbeds.

Question 29Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

How can a hunter reliably distinguish between the Pine marten (kuna lesní - Martes martes) and the Stone marten (kuna skalní - Martes foina) based on external morphology?

  1. The Pine marten has a yellowish, rounded throat bib (náprsenka) and a dark nose, whereas the Stone marten has a pure white bib forked down the forelegs and a flesh-colored nose Correct answer.
  2. The Pine marten has a white forked bib and flesh-colored nose, while the Stone marten has a yellow rounded bib and dark nose
  3. Both species have a white forked bib, but only the Pine marten has a flesh-colored nose
  4. The Pine marten has the yellow rounded bib, but both species normally have the same dark nose

Explanation

The two native marten species are reliably differentiated by their throat bib (náprsenka) and nose leather (čenich). The Pine marten (kuna lesní) features a yellowish-orange, rounded throat patch that does not extend down the legs, furred paw pads, and a dark/blackish nose. The Stone marten (kuna skalní) features a distinct white throat patch forked down both front legs, naked paw pads, and a light, flesh-colored nose.

Question 30Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

Why is the non-native Sika deer (jelen sika - Cervus nippon) considered a critical ecological threat to native Czech game populations?

  1. It readily hybridizes with native Central European red deer (jelen lesní), threatening the genetic purity and morphological integrity of the native red deer population Correct answer.
  2. It competes with red deer for forage but cannot interbreed with the native species
  3. It carries a species-specific parasite that is invariably fatal to red deer
  4. Its earlier rut prevents native red deer from breeding in areas where both occur

Explanation

Introduced from East Asia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sika deer (especially in Western and Central Bohemia) interbreed fertilely with native red deer (Cervus elaphus). This introgressive hybridization degrades the genetic integrity, body mass, and trophy quality of native red deer, prompting game authorities to establish strict reduction and eradication zones.

Question 31Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What specialized anatomical and behavioral traits characterize the Eurasian woodcock (sluka lesní - Scolopax rusticola) in Czech hunting lore?

  1. A long probing bill with a flexible, tactile-sensitive tip (rhynchokinesis), eyes set far back giving a near 360° visual field, and crepuscular display flights (tok / slukování) Correct answer.
  2. Heavy raptorial talons for snatching mountain hares on high cliffs
  3. A short serrated beak used exclusively for cracking hazel nuts in winter
  4. Diurnal soaring behavior over open agricultural fields hunting field mice

Explanation

The Eurasian woodcock (sluka lesní) is a unique wading forest bird. Its eyes are positioned high and far back on the skull, granting panoramic 360-degree vision while probing forest soils. The distal upper mandible can flex upward independently (rhynchokinesis) beneath the mud to seize earthworms. At dusk and dawn in spring, roding males perform display flights called 'slukování' accompanied by croaking and whistling calls (kvorkání a pískání).

Question 32Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What is the social structure and diagnostic morphological field mark of the Grey partridge (koroptev polní - Perdix perdix)?

  1. Strict monogamy with pair formation in spring (rozpárování), living in family coveys (kuřátka / hejnka) in autumn, often showing a dark horseshoe patch (podkova) on the breast Correct answer.
  2. Solitary living in tree branches with iridescent blue wing patches
  3. Promiscuous colonial ground breeding in mountain scree above timberline
  4. Polygamous mating where males dig water ponds for aquatic duckweed

Explanation

Grey partridges are strictly monogamous. In early spring (February/March), winter coveys disperse into breeding pairs (rozpárování). Both parents guard the clutch and lead the chicks. Adults display a distinctive dark chestnut horseshoe-shaped patch (podkova) on their lower breast (especially prominent in males, though present in many mature females).

Question 33Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

In determining the age of a harvested roe deer (srnčí zvěř), how does the third premolar of the lower jaw (P3) serve as a definitive indicator between a fawn/yearling and an adult?

  1. The milk third premolar (mléčný třenový zub) is three-lobed (tricuspid / trojdílný), whereas the permanent replacement premolar is two-lobed (bicuspid / dvojdílný), erupting around 14 months of age Correct answer.
  2. The milk P3 is two-lobed and the permanent P3 is three-lobed
  3. Both milk and permanent P3 are three-lobed, but the permanent tooth is substantially darker
  4. Both teeth are two-lobed; age is determined only from overall tooth wear

Explanation

Tooth replacement in the lower jaw provides absolute proof of age up to 14–15 months in roe deer. The deciduous milk third premolar (P3) has three distinct cusps/lobes (trojdílný zub). At approximately 12–14 months of age, this milk tooth is pushed out by the permanent P3, which is definitively two-lobed (dvojdílný). Any roe deer with a two-lobed P3 is at least a yearling in its second year.

Question 34Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What is the history, horn morphology, and sexual dimorphism of the Alpine chamois (kamzík horský - Rupicapra rupicapra) established in the Czech Republic?

  1. Introduced to the Lužické Mountains and Jeseníky in the early 20th century; both bucks and does carry permanent hooked horns (růžky/háčky), with buck horns being thicker, more curved at the tips, and diverging less Correct answer.
  2. A native plains antelope whose males grow branching antlers shed every winter
  3. An invasive Asian sheep that lives in underground burrows in the Bohemian Paradise
  4. A flightless mountain goat where only the females develop long straight tusks

Explanation

Chamois were introduced from the Alps into the Lužické Mountains (1907) and Hrubý Jeseník (1913). Both sexes carry permanent true horns (růžky/háčky). Male horns (kamzičí růžky) are typically stouter, with tips hooked backwards up to 180 degrees, and parallel or slightly convergent, whereas female horns are more slender, with more open curvature and greater outward divergence.

Question 35Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What physiological and behavioral factors account for the critical decline of the Western capercaillie (tetřev hlušec - Tetrao urogallus) in Czech mountain border forests?

  1. Extreme sensitivity to human disturbance during the spring lek (tok), loss of old-growth spruce-bilberry forests, acid rain degradation, and critical winter dependency on conifer needles requiring gastric stones (gastrolity) Correct answer.
  2. Overhunting by falconers using golden eagles in national parks
  3. High susceptibility to avian malaria spread by domestic pigeons in city centers
  4. Competition for grain food from invasive flocks of feral ring-necked parakeets

Explanation

The Western capercaillie (tetřev hlušec) is on the brink of extinction in the Czech Republic, surviving primarily in Šumava. The species requires vast undisturbed natural mountain forests rich in bilberry (borůvčí) and bog pine. In winter, they subsist on tough conifer needles ground down in a heavily muscled gizzard using swallowed quartz grit pebbles (gastrolity). Human recreation during the spring display (tok) easily causes breeding failure.

Question 36Myslivecka Zoologie A Biologie

What neuroendocrine mechanism governs the annual antler cycle in Red deer (jelen lesní), specifically the transition from velvet growth to hardening and casting?

  1. Antler growth in velvet (lýčí) is stimulated by growth hormone and IGF-1 under low testosterone; surging testosterone in late summer induces ossification, velvet drying, and fraying (vytloukání), while a sharp drop in winter triggers osteoclastic pedicle resorption and casting (shazování) Correct answer.
  2. Antler growth is triggered by high insulin levels in summer, and casting is caused by direct impact against tree trunks in autumn
  3. Antlers grow due to excess calcium in winter drinking water and fall off spontaneously when exposed to direct sunlight in July
  4. The pineal gland directly dissolves the skull bones every spring via adrenaline secretion

Explanation

Antlerogenesis in Cervidae is controlled by photoperiod and hormones. Lengthening spring days stimulate somatotropin and IGF-1, driving rapid velvet growth (lýčí) over a bony matrix. As day length shortens in late summer, the testes produce surging testosterone, causing mineralization, blood vessel shutdown in the velvet, and vigorous fraying (vytloukání). After the autumn rut, testosterone drops sharply in late winter, allowing osteoclasts to dissolve the abscission layer at the pedicle base (pečeť), causing the antlers to drop (shazování).

Question 37Chov A Pece O Zver

How are supplementary wildlife feeds traditionally categorized in Czech game management (myslivecké přikrmování zvěře)?

  1. Bulk feeds (objemná krmiva: meadow hay, lucerne, clover), succulent feeds (dužnatá krmiva: beet, apples, carrots, silage), concentrated feeds (jadrná krmiva: oats, maize, acorns, chestnuts), and mineral feeds (minerální krmiva: salt licks) Correct answer.
  2. Bulk feeds such as hay and silage, concentrated feeds such as grain, and mineral feeds; succulent feeds are included with bulk feeds
  3. Bulk feeds such as hay, concentrated feeds such as grain, and protein feeds such as meat meal; salt licks are concentrated feed
  4. Dry feeds, wet feeds, and mineral feeds, classified only by moisture content rather than nutrient form

Explanation

Czech game management classifies feeds for cloven-hoofed game into four nutritional categories: objemná krmiva (bulk/roughage such as high-quality clover or meadow hay, essential for rumen motility), dužnatá krmiva (succulent feeds like fodder beet, carrots, apples, and fruit pomace), jadrná krmiva (concentrated energy grains including oats, acorns, and maize), and minerální krmiva (salt licks providing sodium, calcium, and phosphorus).

Question 38Chov A Pece O Zver

What is the primary technical requirement when constructing and maintaining a traditional roe deer feeding rack (krmelec pro srnčí zvěř)?

  1. It must feature an overhanging waterproof roof protecting the hay rack from rain, with a lower feeding trough elevated above damp ground to prevent mold and moisture contamination Correct answer.
  2. The hay rack may remain uncovered if the lower trough is elevated above the soil
  3. A waterproof roof is sufficient even when the lower trough rests directly on damp ground
  4. The feeding trough should collect rainwater so dry hay is softened before consumption

Explanation

A well-constructed roe deer feeder (krmelec) must keep fodder completely dry. It features a pitched roof with generous eaves, slatted wooden hay mangers (jesle) accessible to fawns and adults, and an integrated bottom trough (koryto) for succulent or concentrated feed situated sufficiently above soil moisture to prevent fungal spoilage and ingestion of parasite-laden mud.

Question 39Chov A Pece O Zver

Which three types of physical damage are primarily inflicted by cloven-hoofed game (spárkatá zvěř) on commercial forest tree stands?

  1. Terminal shoot browsing (okus terminálních pupenů), bark stripping/gnawing (loupání a kousání kůry), and antler fraying/thrashing (vytloukání paroží na kmíncích) Correct answer.
  2. Deep burrowing under tree roots, leaf chewing by larvae, and pollen ingestion
  3. Acid rain generation through exhalation, ground compaction by hooves, and lightning attraction
  4. Defoliation of mature tree crowns at 25 meters, fruit theft, and woodpecker hole expansion

Explanation

Cloven-hoofed game impacts forest stands primarily through three mechanisms: okus (browsing the terminal leading shoot of young seedlings, stunting height growth and causing deformities), loupání (teeth-stripping bark in young pole stands by red deer, allowing fungal rot like Stereum sanguinolentum to enter), and vytloukání (antler rubbing during velvet removal or territory marking, which girdles saplings).

Question 40Chov A Pece O Zver

What are the standard mechanical and chemical methods used to protect young forestry plantations (lesní kultury) from deer browsing and antler damage?

  1. Mechanical fencing (drátěné či dřevěné oplocenky), individual plastic tree guards/tubes (chráničky), and chemical repellent coatings (repelentní nátěry jako Morsuvin, Stopem či Cervacol) Correct answer.
  2. Chemical repellents alone, applied once when trees are planted and never renewed
  3. Perimeter fencing alone in every case, because individual guards and repellents are not recognized methods
  4. Individual tree guards and fencing, but never chemical repellent coatings

Explanation

Protecting young forest regenerations involves mechanical barriers: game fencing (oplocenky, typically 1.6 to 2.2 meters high depending on target species) and individual mesh tree shelters (plastové chráničky). Chemically, authorized repellent formulations containing quartz sand or bitter compounds (e.g., Cervacol Extra, Morsuvin) are painted onto terminal buds in autumn to deter winter browsing.

Question 41Chov A Pece O Zver

Why are game coverts (remízky), windbreaks (větrolamy), and conservation buffer strips (biopásy) vital for small game in modern intensive agricultural landscapes?

  1. They provide critical year-round shelter, thermal refuge against winter blizzards, predator escape cover, nesting sites, and rich insect forage for developing chicks Correct answer.
  2. They provide winter shelter but have little value for nesting or chick forage during spring and summer
  3. Their main purpose is to prevent all predators from entering agricultural fields
  4. They replace the need for crop-edge habitat if grain stubble is retained after harvest

Explanation

In monocultural farmland, small game species (zajíc polní, bažant obecný, koroptev polní) face habitat fragmentation and 'green deserts'. Game coverts (remízky) and flower-rich bio-strips (biopásy) provide mosaic diversity, essential escape cover from raptors and foxes, winter windbreaks, and vital invertebrate protein needed by gallinaceous chicks during their first three weeks of life.

Question 42Chov A Pece O Zver

What safety and hunting considerations dictate the placement and construction of elevated shooting blinds and watchtowers (myslivecké posedy a kazatelny)?

  1. Structural stability, ladder rung safety, placement considering prevailing wind direction relative to game approach paths, and ensuring an downward bullet trajectory into a safe natural backstop (zemní val) Correct answer.
  2. Selecting the highest available position even when the downward firing angle lacks a reliable backstop
  3. Orienting the shooting window directly against the prevailing wind so human scent blows into the baiting area
  4. Prioritizing the view of game trails while treating ladder and structural inspections as optional

Explanation

Raised blinds (posedy) and enclosed hunting cabins (kazatelny) must be built from sound structural timber with secure ladders and safety railings. They are placed downwind or crosswind of anticipated game movement so human scent is carried away. Crucially, elevated shooting provides a downward bullet angle, using the ground as a natural backstop to absorb missed shots safely.

Question 43Chov A Pece O Zver

What is 'letnina' in Czech game management, when is it prepared, and why is it biologically valuable for wintering ruminants?

  1. Bundles of leafy twigs from deciduous trees (linden, ash, rowan, birch, willow) harvested in June and dried in the shade; it supplies essential minerals, tannins, vitamins, and crude fiber matching winter rumen ecology Correct answer.
  2. Bundles of conifer twigs harvested in winter and fed fresh as a high-energy concentrate
  3. Bundles of deciduous leafy twigs harvested after leaf fall and dried in direct sunlight
  4. Fresh grass cut in June, fermented as silage, and supplied as the principal concentrated feed

Explanation

'Letnina' (leaf hay or browse bundles) is a traditional, highly nutritious supplementary feed for cloven-hoofed game. Young, leafy shoots of palatable hardwoods (lípa, jasan, jeřáb, bříza, osika, vrba) are harvested in late June or early July when nutrient content is peak. Tied in small bundles and air-dried in breezy shade, letnina preserves tannins, carotene, and minerals, providing optimal digestible browse for winter rumen function.

Question 44Chov A Pece O Zver

What is the strategic purpose of cultivating wildlife food plots (myslivecká políčka) with crops like Jerusalem artichoke (topinambur), fodder kale, and sweet clover?

  1. To provide high-quality natural green forage and underground tubers throughout autumn and winter, effectively distracting game away from vulnerable agricultural crops and commercial forest regenerations Correct answer.
  2. To concentrate game permanently in one location so supplementary feeding elsewhere is unnecessary
  3. To maximize saleable crop yield, with wildlife use treated as incidental
  4. To draw game toward neighboring agricultural crops during the harvest period

Explanation

Game food plots (myslivecká políčka) are established within or adjacent to forest stands as distraction forage zones (odlákávací plochy). Crops like topinambur (Helianthus tuberosus) provide frost-resistant succulent tubers that wild boar dig up in winter instead of rooting farmland. Fodder kale (krmná kapusta) and clover provide nutritious winter greens for deer, reducing browsing pressure on commercial saplings.

Question 45Myslivecka Kynologie A Nemoci

What are the four primary functional breed groups of hunting dogs (lovečtí psi) traditionally utilized and tested in Czech hunting practice?

  1. Pointers (ohaři), Scenthounds and Bloodhounds (honiči a barváři), Earth dogs (norníci: teriéři a jezevčíci), and Flushing dogs & Retrievers (slídiči a přinášeči/retrívři) Correct answer.
  2. Pointers, retrievers, livestock guardians, and racing sighthounds
  3. Scenthounds, earth dogs, herding dogs, and retrievers
  4. Pointers, bloodhounds, flushing dogs, and companion terriers without earthdog work

Explanation

Czech hunting cynology classifies recognized hunting breeds into established functional categories based on their working aptitude: Pointers (ohaři, e.g., Český fousek, German Shorthaired Pointer), Scenthounds/Bloodhounds (honiči a barváři, e.g., Bavarian Mountain Bloodhound), Earth dogs (norníci, e.g., German Jagdterrier, Dachshunds), and Flushing/Retrieving dogs (slídiči a slídiči/retrívři, e.g., Cocker Spaniel, Golden Retriever).

Question 46Myslivecka Kynologie A Nemoci

Under Section 44 of Act No. 449/2001 Sb., what mandatory statutory duty regarding hunting dogs is imposed upon every user of a hunting ground?

  1. The user must hold and utilize certified hunting dogs with verified hunting usability (lovecká upotřebitelnost) appropriate for the specific hunting ground acreage and game species hunted Correct answer.
  2. The user must ensure every hunter owns at least five purebred greyhounds regardless of training
  3. The user is prohibited from allowing any dogs inside the forest to prevent scaring birds
  4. The user must employ dogs solely for guarding entrance gates against local walkers

Explanation

Section 44 of Act No. 449/2001 Sb. requires every hunting ground user to maintain an adequate number of certified hunting dogs with proven hunting usability (lovecká upotřebitelnost) according to Decree No. 244/2002 Sb. This includes designated dogs trained for searching and retrieving small game, blood tracking cloven-hoofed game, or waterfowl recovery, ensuring humane retrieval of every wounded animal.

Question 47Myslivecka Kynologie A Nemoci

What is the etiology, clinical course, and human public health significance of Rabies (vzteklina / Lyssa), and how was it eradicated in the Czech Republic?

  1. A lethal neurotropic lyssavirus transmitted through the saliva/bites of infected mammals, causing fatal encephalomyelitis; eradicated in Czech wildlife through nationwide aerial oral vaccination of red foxes with vaccine baits Correct answer.
  2. A bacterial zoonosis transmitted chiefly through ticks and controlled by treating infected foxes with antibiotics
  3. A neurotropic virus transmitted by bites, but prevented in wildlife by culling rather than oral vaccine bait
  4. A viral encephalitis transmitted through saliva, with the Czech program based on injectable vaccination of captured foxes

Explanation

Rabies (vzteklina) is a lethal viral zoonosis caused by a Rhabdovirus (Lyssavirus) that attacks the central nervous system of warm-blooded mammals, causing behavioral changes, aggression or abnormal tameness, paralysis, and 100% mortality once clinical symptoms appear. Through systematic aerial distribution of oral vaccine baits (orální vakcinace lišek) between 1989 and 2004, the Czech Republic successfully eradicated wildlife rabies and was officially declared rabies-free by the OIE in 2004.

Question 48Myslivecka Kynologie A Nemoci

What core working abilities are evaluated during the Autumn Field Trials for pointers (podzimní zkoušky ohařů - PZ) to grant hunting usability for small game hunting?

  1. Systematic search (hledání), pointing (vystavování), steadiness on feathered and furred game, nose quality (nos), and tracking/retrieving feathered and furred game to hand (přinášení) Correct answer.
  2. Only obedience, heelwork, and retrieving a dummy on land, without live-game search or pointing
  3. Earthdog work, barking at boar, and a long blood-track exercise for cloven-hoofed game
  4. Water retrieving alone, with no assessment of search, nose, pointing, or steadiness

Explanation

Autumn Field Trials (podzimní zkoušky - PZ) are the benchmark hunting usability examination for pointing breeds (ohaři). The trial evaluates scenting ability (nos), systematic field search, firm pointing of concealed game (vystavování), steadiness after the flush and shot, tracking dragged small game (vlečka s pernatou a srstnatou zvěří), and obedient delivery/retrieving of game to hand (přinášení).

Question 49Myslivecka Kynologie A Nemoci

Which specialized dog breeds belong to the Bloodhound group (barváři), and what is their primary working purpose in Czech game management?

  1. Bavarian Mountain Bloodhound (bavorský barvář) and Hanoverian Bloodhound (hannoverský barvář); specialized in cold-scent tracking of wounded cloven-hoofed game on long tracking leashes (barvářská šňůra) Correct answer.
  2. Bavarian Mountain Bloodhound and Hanoverian Bloodhound; specialized chiefly in flushing healthy small game within shotgun range
  3. Hanoverian Bloodhound and German Shorthaired Pointer; both specialized only in retrieving shot waterfowl
  4. Bavarian Mountain Bloodhound and Dachshund; specialized in locating live game in artificial earths

Explanation

Bloodhounds (barváři), represented mainly by the Hanoverian Bloodhound (hannoverský barvář) and Bavarian Mountain Bloodhound (bavorský barvář), possess extraordinary olfactory tracking capability. Their exclusive role is tracking wounded cloven-hoofed game hours or days after the shot on a specialized tracking leash (barvářská šňůra a obojek), baying at stationary quarry (hlášení), or guiding the handler to the fallen game (oznamování).

Question 50Myslivecka Kynologie A Nemoci

What is Tularemia (tularemie / zajícovití), which bacterial pathogen causes it, and how can a hunter become infected during field dressing of European hares?

  1. Caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis; transmitted to humans through micro-abrasions on bare hands while eviscerating or skinning infected hares, causing painful ulceroglandular swelling and high fevers Correct answer.
  2. A viral zoonosis transmitted primarily by wild-boar blood during carcass handling
  3. A bacterial disease caused by Francisella tularensis but transmitted to people only by inhalation
  4. A tick-borne protozoal disease of hares that cannot infect humans through broken skin

Explanation

Tularemia (zaječí nemoc) is a severe zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Francisella tularensis. Hares (zajíc polní) are primary reservoirs, showing apathy, loss of shyness, and enlarged spleens and livers studded with white necrotic foci (nekrotická ložiska). Hunters frequently contract the ulceroglandular form through minor skin cuts when eviscerating infected carcasses without protective gloves, or via inhalation of contaminated dust.