Hamburg Abitur Sport - independent theory foundations cheat sheet

Relate skeleton, joint structure and muscle action to the specific movement.

Agonist and antagonist activation can overlap to control or stabilize a joint.

Distinguish concentric, eccentric and isometric muscle action.

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume, with consistent units.

Lactate is not a sufficient explanation for delayed-onset muscle soreness.

All three energy systems contribute simultaneously; dominance shifts with intensity and duration

Phosphagen, glycolytic and oxidative pathways overlap; their rates and capacities differ

Acute responses are temporary; chronic adaptations are lasting structural and functional changes

FITT and training principles guide safe, specific program design

Overload must be paired with recovery to avoid overtraining

VO2 max and lactate threshold are key aerobic performance markers

Newton's laws underpin force, acceleration and reaction analyses

Impulse equals average net force times duration and equals change in momentum

Most body levers are third class, favouring speed and range of motion

Torque depends on force and perpendicular moment arm

With negligible external torque, changing moment of inertia changes angular velocity

Stability improves with lower centre of mass and wider base of support

Learning is inferred from relatively permanent change, measured by retention and transfer

Fitts and Posner stages: cognitive, associative, autonomous

Knowledge of results = outcome; knowledge of performance = technique

Practice schedule effects depend on learner, task and retention or transfer conditions

Feedback should guide, not create dependency; fade it as skill develops

Transfer can be positive, negative or zero and depends on similarity of elements

Intrinsic motivation sustains participation; extrinsic rewards can undermine it

Process goals focus on more controllable actions; effectiveness depends on the task and performer

Optimal arousal depends on task complexity and individual differences

Self-efficacy derives from mastery, modelling, persuasion and physiological state

Attention can be broad or narrow, internal or external, and must match task demands

Routines, imagery and self-talk regulate anxiety and attention under pressure

Socialisation occurs through primary and secondary agents

Equity differs from equality by accounting for differing needs

Barriers and enablers operate at personal, social, environmental and organisational levels

Media framing and gatekeeping shape perceptions and representation

Intersectionality explains compounded disadvantage

Commercialisation influences access, scheduling and visibility of sports

Physical activity, exercise, fitness and health describe different things.

Use age- and context-appropriate current guidance when a numerical target is required.

Plan supervision, equipment checks, communication and emergency roles.

Suspected concussion requires removal and appropriate assessment; a coach does not provide clinical clearance.

Do not diagnose health or injury from body size or one performance measurement.

Identify the task, constraints and actual assessment criteria before judging movement.

Different game families present different tactical problems.

Expressive movement includes timing, phrasing and purposeful composition.

Water, apparatus, cycling and partner-resistance work require the actual supervised setup.

A conceptual answer is not proof of practical competence.