Saarland Abitur Politics - independent foundations flashcards
Saarland Abitur Politics - independent foundations · Build recall with a focused review session.
30 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Human dignity
- A constitutional commitment to respecting each person as a subject with inherent worth, constraining state power and informing rights protection.
- Proportionality
- A structured evaluation of a legitimate aim, suitable means, necessity and the balance between burdens and public purposes.
- Bundestag
- The elected German federal parliament, responsible for legislation, budget decisions, executive scrutiny and electing the federal chancellor under constitutional procedures.
- Bundesrat
- The federal institution composed of members of German Land governments, participating in federal legislation through constitutionally differentiated procedures.
- Free mandate
- The constitutional independence of a representative from binding orders and instructions, compatible with political cooperation and public accountability.
- Interest group
- An organization aggregating particular interests and seeking influence through advocacy, expertise or mobilization without necessarily competing to form government.
- Negative liberty
- Freedom understood as absence of interference within an identified sphere, distinguished from self-government or the practical capacity to act.
- Deliberation
- Reason-giving discussion in which participants examine public arguments, evidence and objections rather than treating preference aggregation as the entire decision process.
- European Council
- The EU institution of national heads of state or government that sets broad political direction, distinct from the ministerial Council.
- Directive
- An EU legal act binding addressed states as to a result, generally requiring national implementation while allowing choice of form and methods.
- Ecological fallacy
- An unsupported inference about individuals from an aggregate relationship, such as assuming every resident shares a neighborhood average or motive.
- Percentage point
- The arithmetic difference between two percentages, distinct from their relative percentage change calculated against a stated starting value.
- Selection bias
- A systematic difference between those observed and the target population that can distort an inference even when the observed sample is large.
- Confounder
- A variable related to both a proposed explanatory factor and an outcome, potentially producing a misleading association if not addressed.
- Counterfactual
- The outcome that would have occurred under a different action or exposure, which cannot simply be read from a single observed before-and-after change.
- Policy instrument
- A concrete means of public action, such as information, regulation, spending or a price incentive, distinguished from the goal it seeks.
- Policy implementation
- The process through which adopted decisions become practical action, involving resources, interpretation, incentives and possible gaps between design and delivery.
- Stakeholder analysis
- Identification of affected actors, their interests, resources and responsibilities, without assuming that every interest has identical authority or legal standing.
- Normative claim
- A statement about what ought to be valued or done, requiring an explicit evaluative standard rather than empirical verification alone.
- Empirical claim
- A statement concerning observable conditions or relationships that can be assessed against appropriately gathered evidence and a stated method.
- Input legitimacy
- An account of justified authority emphasizing participation, representation and the procedures through which citizens can influence public decisions.
- Output legitimacy
- An account of justified authority emphasizing effective problem-solving and public outcomes, which does not by itself settle participation or rights concerns.
- Framing
- The selective organization and presentation of an issue that makes certain interpretations salient without necessarily changing every underlying factual observation.
- Policy feedback
- The process through which a policy’s results and experiences alter interests, public interpretations or later decisions, challenging a purely linear policy-cycle picture.
- Median
- The middle value in an ordered distribution, with a convention for even counts, distinguished from an arithmetic average influenced by extreme values.
- Equivalized income
- Household income adjusted by a specified household-size and composition scale, intended to support comparison while depending on the chosen convention.
- Evidence uncertainty
- The limits arising from measurement, sampling, assumptions or incomplete information, which should influence the strength and scope of a conclusion.
- Income
- A flow of resources received over a specified period, distinguished from assets and liabilities measured at a particular time.
- Wealth
- A stock of assets less liabilities at a specified date, requiring separate measurement from periodic earnings or disposable income.
- Socialization
- The lifelong interaction through which people acquire and reinterpret norms, roles, identities and expectations within changing social environments.