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Egypt Accountants & Auditors Register Exam study materials
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Egypt Accountants & Auditors Register Exam practice questions

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Question 1Financial Accounting

Under the accrual basis of accounting required by Egyptian Accounting Standards, when should revenue from the sale of goods be recognized?

  1. When cash is collected from the customer
  2. When the sales invoice is printed and filed with the tax authority
  3. When the board of directors approves the annual financial statements
  4. When the goods are transferred to the buyer and the risks and rewards of ownership pass, provided the amount is reliably measurable Correct answer.

Explanation

Accrual accounting recognizes revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied, that is, when control of the goods passes to the buyer and the amount is reliably measurable. Collecting cash is a settlement event, not the recognition trigger. Invoice printing and board approval are administrative acts with no bearing on when the transaction is recognized.

Question 2Financial Accounting

A company purchases equipment for EGP 500,000 with an estimated residual value of EGP 50,000 and a useful life of 5 years. Using the straight-line method, what is the annual depreciation charge?

  1. EGP 100,000
  2. EGP 90,000 Correct answer.
  3. EGP 110,000
  4. EGP 80,000

Explanation

Straight-line depreciation spreads the depreciable amount, cost less residual value, evenly over the useful life. The depreciable amount is 500,000 minus 50,000, which equals 450,000, divided by 5 years gives 90,000 per year. Residual value is never depreciated because it is expected to be recovered at disposal.

Question 3Financial Accounting

Which financial statement reports the entity's assets, liabilities and equity at a specific date?

  1. The statement of financial position Correct answer.
  2. The statement of changes in equity
  3. The statement of cash flows
  4. The statement of profit or loss

Explanation

The statement of financial position presents assets, liabilities and equity at a point in time, which is why it is described as a snapshot at the reporting date. The other statements cover a period of activity rather than a single date. Egyptian companies prepare it alongside the other primary statements under Egyptian Accounting Standards.

Question 4Financial Accounting

A trader sells goods for EGP 120,000 on credit. The related value added tax at 14% is charged separately. Which entry correctly records the sale in the seller's books?

  1. Debit sales 120,000; debit VAT payable 16,800; credit trade receivables 136,800
  2. Debit cash 136,800; credit sales 136,800
  3. Debit trade receivables 120,000; credit sales 120,000
  4. Debit trade receivables 136,800; credit sales 120,000; credit VAT payable 16,800 Correct answer.

Explanation

VAT is a tax collected on behalf of the tax authority, so it is not revenue. The receivable includes the tax-inclusive amount of 136,800, sales are credited with the net 120,000, and the 16,800 VAT is credited to a payable account. Recording the tax as part of sales would overstate revenue and understate the liability.

Question 5Financial Accounting

In a bank reconciliation, an uncredited deposit refers to which item?

  1. A direct debit paid by the bank on the customer's behalf
  2. A deposit recorded in the cash book but not yet recorded by the bank Correct answer.
  3. A cheque issued by the company but not yet presented by the supplier
  4. Bank charges debited by the bank but not yet entered in the cash book

Explanation

An uncredited deposit is money the entity has recorded as received but which the bank has not yet credited to the account, typically a deposit in transit. It appears in the reconciliation as an addition to the bank statement balance. Cheques not yet presented and bank-initiated charges are different reconciling items.

Question 6Financial Accounting

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the double-entry system in maintaining accounting records?

  1. It eliminates the need for a trial balance at period end
  2. It ensures that every transaction is approved by management before recording
  3. It guarantees that the entity will report a profit each year
  4. It records each transaction with equal debits and credits so that the accounting equation stays in balance Correct answer.

Explanation

Double entry requires every transaction to be recorded with equal total debits and credits, which keeps assets equal to liabilities plus equity. This is an arithmetic control, not a guarantee of profitability or of management approval. A trial balance is still extracted to test the equality of the ledger.

Question 7Financial Accounting

A company has current assets of EGP 600,000 and current liabilities of EGP 400,000. What is the current ratio?

  1. 2.00
  2. 1.50 Correct answer.
  3. 1.20
  4. 0.67

Explanation

The current ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities, so 600,000 divided by 400,000 equals 1.50. It indicates that the entity holds one and a half pounds of short-term resources for every pound of short-term obligations. A ratio below one would signal a working capital deficit.

Question 8Financial Accounting

Under the historical cost convention, how is a non-current asset initially recorded?

  1. At its estimated current market selling price
  2. At the cost incurred to acquire it and bring it to working condition Correct answer.
  3. At the amount a valuer estimates it could be replaced for
  4. At the present value of its expected future cash flows

Explanation

Historical cost records an asset at the consideration paid plus directly attributable costs needed to make it ready for use, such as delivery and installation. Market selling price, replacement cost and discounted cash flows belong to fair value or value-in-use measurements. Egyptian Accounting Standards permit revaluation for some classes, but the default initial measurement is cost.

Question 9Financial Accounting

At year end a company has inventory costing EGP 80,000 with a net realizable value of EGP 72,000. What amount should appear for this inventory in the statement of financial position?

  1. EGP 72,000 Correct answer.
  2. EGP 8,000
  3. EGP 80,000
  4. EGP 76,000

Explanation

Inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Because net realizable value of 72,000 is below cost of 80,000, the inventory is written down to 72,000 and the 8,000 difference is recognized as an expense. Reporting at cost would overstate assets and profit.

Question 10Financial Accounting

A company issues a 12%, three-year bond with a face value of EGP 1,000,000 at a discount, so the effective interest rate exceeds the coupon rate. How is interest expense recognized each period under the effective interest method?

  1. At an amount that decreases over the life of the bond as the discount is amortized
  2. At an amount that increases over the life of the bond as the carrying amount rises toward face value Correct answer.
  3. At a constant amount equal to the coupon rate multiplied by the issue proceeds
  4. At a constant amount equal to the coupon rate multiplied by face value

Explanation

Under the effective interest method, interest expense equals the effective rate multiplied by the carrying amount. For a bond issued at a discount, the carrying amount accretes upward each period, so interest expense rises while the discount amortization also rises. A constant coupon-based charge would ignore the amortization of the discount.

Question 11Financial Accounting

A company uses the allowance method for doubtful debts. It writes off a specific customer balance of EGP 15,000 as irrecoverable. What is the effect of the write-off on the statement of financial position?

  1. Cash decreases and bad debt expense increases
  2. Trade receivables and the allowance both decrease by the same amount, leaving net receivables and equity unchanged Correct answer.
  3. The allowance increases and profit for the year decreases
  4. Total assets decrease and equity decreases

Explanation

When a debt is written off against an existing allowance, the gross receivable falls and the allowance falls by the same amount, so net receivables are unchanged. The expense was already recognized when the allowance was created, so there is no further effect on profit or equity. Only the composition of the receivables section changes.

Question 12Financial Accounting

Which of the following costs incurred in constructing a building for the entity's own use should be capitalized as part of the asset's cost?

  1. Costs of staff training on the new building's systems
  2. General administrative overheads of the head office
  3. Direct materials, direct labour and attributable borrowing costs during construction Correct answer.
  4. Abnormal wastage of materials caused by a site accident

Explanation

The cost of a self-constructed asset includes directly attributable costs such as materials, labour and borrowing costs incurred during construction. General overheads, training and abnormal waste are excluded because they are not directly attributable or are abnormal. Excluding these items prevents the asset from being overstated.

Question 13Financial Accounting

A company's trial balance at 31 December shows total debits of EGP 940,000 and total credits of EGP 935,000. Which explanation is most consistent with this difference?

  1. The recording of a sale twice in the sales day book
  2. A transposition error in which a figure was recorded in the wrong account but with the correct debit and credit
  3. A one-sided entry of EGP 5,000 Correct answer.
  4. The omission of a transaction from the books entirely

Explanation

A trial balance that differs by a specific amount usually points to an error affecting only one side of an entry, such as a debit posted without its credit. Transposition and omission errors keep debits and credits equal, and a duplicated entry on both sides also preserves equality. The 5,000 difference matches a one-sided posting of that amount.

Question 14Financial Accounting

An entity's cash book shows a debit balance of EGP 30,000. The bank statement shows a credit balance of EGP 42,000. Unpresented cheques total EGP 20,000 and there are no other differences. What is the balance of deposits not yet credited by the bank?

  1. EGP 32,000
  2. EGP 8,000 Correct answer.
  3. EGP 28,000
  4. EGP 12,000

Explanation

The bank statement balance of 42,000 credit equals the cash book debit of 30,000, less unpresented cheques of 20,000, plus deposits not yet credited. Solving gives deposits in transit of 8,000. Reconciling the two records confirms that no other items are needed.

Question 15Financial Accounting

A company changes the useful life of a machine from 8 years to 5 years. How should this change be accounted for?

  1. As a prior period adjustment restating opening retained earnings
  2. As an error correction reported in other comprehensive income
  3. As a change in accounting estimate applied prospectively Correct answer.
  4. As a change in accounting policy applied retrospectively

Explanation

A revision of useful life reflects new information about expected consumption of benefits, so it is a change in accounting estimate. It is applied prospectively by depreciating the remaining carrying amount over the revised remaining life. Retrospective restatement is reserved for policy changes and material error corrections.

Question 16Financial Accounting

An entity receives a government grant related to the purchase of equipment. Under the approach that presents the grant as deferred income, how is the grant recognized in profit or loss?

  1. As a direct credit to retained earnings in the year of receipt
  2. Immediately in full when the grant is received
  3. Only when the equipment is sold or scrapped
  4. Systematically over the periods in which the related asset's depreciation is recognized Correct answer.

Explanation

A grant related to an asset compensates for costs spread over the asset's life, so it is amortized to profit or loss on a systematic basis consistent with the depreciation of the asset. Recognizing it in full on receipt would mismatch income with the related expense. Crediting retained earnings directly bypasses performance reporting.

Question 17Financial Accounting

A company reports profit before tax of EGP 400,000. Non-deductible expenses are EGP 60,000 and there is tax-exempt income of EGP 20,000. The applicable tax rate is 22.5%. What is the income tax expense?

  1. EGP 99,000 Correct answer.
  2. EGP 90,000
  3. EGP 108,000
  4. EGP 81,000

Explanation

Taxable profit adjusts accounting profit for permanent differences: 400,000 plus 60,000 non-deductible expenses minus 20,000 exempt income equals 440,000. Applying the 22.5% rate gives 99,000. Applying the rate to unadjusted profit would ignore the permanent differences.

Question 18Financial Accounting

Which of the following is the correct treatment of a contingent liability that is possible but not probable, and whose amount cannot be measured reliably?

  1. Recognize it as a liability only when the related outflow occurs
  2. Recognize a provision in the statement of financial position
  3. Disclose it in the notes without recognizing a liability Correct answer.
  4. Ignore it entirely because the amount is uncertain

Explanation

A provision is recognized only when there is a present obligation, an outflow is probable and the amount can be reliably estimated. If the obligation is only possible, or the amount cannot be measured reliably, disclosure in the notes is required instead of recognition. Ignoring it entirely deprives users of relevant information.

Question 19Financial Accounting

An entity sells goods with a right of return allowing customers to return items within 30 days. At the reporting date, goods with a sales value of EGP 200,000 remain subject to return and the entity estimates a 10% return rate. How should revenue be measured?

  1. Recognize no revenue until the 30-day return period expires
  2. Recognize EGP 180,000 as revenue, with a refund liability of EGP 20,000 Correct answer.
  3. Recognize the full EGP 200,000 as revenue and make no adjustment
  4. Recognize EGP 20,000 as revenue and defer EGP 180,000

Explanation

Revenue is recognized only to the extent that it is highly probable there will not be a significant reversal, so expected returns are excluded. The entity recognizes 180,000 of revenue and a refund liability of 20,000 for the expected returns. Deferring all revenue would misstate performance when the return amount can be reliably estimated.

Question 20Financial Accounting

A company acquires a building for EGP 2,000,000. Transaction costs of EGP 50,000 are incurred, and the building is expected to have a residual value of EGP 200,000 over a 20-year life. Using straight-line depreciation, what is the annual charge?

  1. EGP 92,500 Correct answer.
  2. EGP 102,500
  3. EGP 90,000
  4. EGP 100,000

Explanation

The depreciable amount is the capitalized cost of 2,050,000 less residual value of 200,000, which equals 1,850,000, divided by 20 years gives 92,500. Transaction costs are capitalized because they are directly attributable to acquiring the asset. Ignoring them or the residual value produces an incorrect charge.

Question 21Financial Accounting

An analyst observes that a company's gross profit margin fell from 35% to 28% while sales revenue grew by 20%. Which explanation is most consistent with these results?

  1. The company extended the useful lives of its plant assets
  2. The company reduced its administrative expenses significantly
  3. The company issued new share capital during the year
  4. The company reduced its selling prices while its cost of goods sold per unit rose Correct answer.

Explanation

Gross profit margin reflects the relationship between revenue and cost of sales, so a fall combined with rising revenue points to pricing pressure or rising input costs. Lower selling prices and higher unit costs both compress the margin. Administrative expenses and financing or depreciation policy changes affect other lines and do not directly explain a gross margin decline of this kind.

Question 22Financial Accounting

An entity leases equipment for five years with annual payments of EGP 100,000 due at the end of each year. The interest rate implicit in the lease is 10%, and the present value of the payments is EGP 379,100. At the end of the first year, what is the finance charge and the closing lease liability?

  1. Finance charge EGP 50,000; closing liability EGP 329,100
  2. Finance charge EGP 37,910; closing liability EGP 416,910
  3. Finance charge EGP 27,910; closing liability EGP 307,010
  4. Finance charge EGP 37,910; closing liability EGP 317,010 Correct answer.

Explanation

The finance charge is 10% of the opening liability of 379,100, which equals 37,910. The payment of 100,000 reduces the liability by 62,090 of principal, leaving 317,010 at year end. This allocation of each payment between interest and principal is the basis of the amortized cost approach to lease liabilities.

Question 23Financial Accounting

A parent holds 80% of a subsidiary. During the year the parent sold goods to the subsidiary for EGP 500,000 at a gross margin of 25%, and half of those goods remain in the subsidiary's inventory at year end. What is the unrealized profit to be eliminated in the consolidated financial statements?

  1. EGP 125,000
  2. EGP 50,000
  3. EGP 62,500 Correct answer.
  4. EGP 100,000

Explanation

Unrealized profit is the gross margin on goods still held within the group at the reporting date. The margin is 25% of 500,000, which equals 125,000, and only half the goods remain, so 62,500 is eliminated. Eliminating the full margin would overstate the adjustment because half the goods have been sold outside the group.

Question 24Financial Accounting

A company reports operating profit of EGP 300,000, depreciation of EGP 45,000, an increase in trade receivables of EGP 30,000 and a decrease in trade payables of EGP 15,000. Using the indirect method, what is the net cash from operating activities?

  1. EGP 270,000
  2. EGP 390,000
  3. EGP 300,000 Correct answer.
  4. EGP 330,000

Explanation

Starting with operating profit, add back depreciation of 45,000, deduct the 30,000 increase in receivables and deduct the 15,000 decrease in payables. The net effect is 300,000 plus 45,000 minus 45,000, which equals 300,000. Working capital movements and non-cash charges offset each other in this case.

Question 25Financial Accounting

An entity measures a cash-generating unit's recoverable amount. The unit's carrying amount is EGP 900,000, its fair value less costs of disposal is EGP 820,000 and its value in use is EGP 850,000. What is the impairment loss?

  1. EGP 50,000 Correct answer.
  2. Nil
  3. EGP 30,000
  4. EGP 80,000

Explanation

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use, so it is 850,000. The impairment loss is the carrying amount of 900,000 less the recoverable amount of 850,000, which equals 50,000. Comparing against the lower figure would overstate the loss.

Question 26Financial Accounting

Under the accrual basis of accounting required by Egyptian Accounting Standards, when should revenue from the sale of goods generally be recognized?

  1. When the sales invoice is printed and filed in the sales ledger
  2. When the customer's payment is physically received in the entity's bank account
  3. When the goods are transferred to the buyer and the significant risks and rewards of ownership pass, with revenue reliably measurable Correct answer.
  4. When the goods are transferred to the warehouse for storage pending sale

Explanation

Accrual accounting recognizes revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied, meaning control of the goods passes to the buyer and the amount can be measured reliably, regardless of the timing of cash collection. Receipt of cash only affects the asset side, not the recognition of revenue itself.

Question 27Financial Accounting

A trader records the purchase of office stationery of EGP 4,500 as a debit to office equipment instead of stationery expense. What is the effect of this error on the financial statements of the period?

  1. Profit is understated and non-current assets are overstated
  2. Profit is understated and non-current assets are understated
  3. Profit is overstated and current liabilities are overstated
  4. Profit is overstated and non-current assets are overstated Correct answer.

Explanation

Capitalizing an expense item understates expenses and overstates the carrying amount of non-current assets, so both profit and assets are overstated by EGP 4,500. The error is one of principle rather than of amount, so the trial balance still balances.

Question 28Financial Accounting

An entity uses the reducing-balance method at 25% per year for a machine costing EGP 800,000 with no residual value. What is the depreciation charge for the second year of use?

  1. EGP 160,000
  2. EGP 200,000
  3. EGP 112,500
  4. EGP 150,000 Correct answer.

Explanation

First-year depreciation is 25% of EGP 800,000 = EGP 200,000, leaving a carrying amount of EGP 600,000. The second-year charge is 25% of EGP 600,000 = EGP 150,000, because the rate is applied to the reducing carrying amount, not to original cost.

Question 29Financial Accounting

An entity's bank statement shows a debit balance of EGP 18,000 while its cash book shows a credit balance of EGP 5,000. Which statement correctly explains this situation?

  1. A credit balance in the cash book always means the bank owes the entity
  2. The bank statement balance must be corrected to match the cash book
  3. The cash book is overdrawn and the bank statement shows a positive balance, so the two records differ in sign convention Correct answer.
  4. Both records represent the same positive bank balance of EGP 18,000

Explanation

In the cash book a credit balance indicates an overdraft (a liability to the bank), whereas on a bank statement a debit balance means funds are held at the bank on the customer's behalf. The two documents record the same relationship from opposite viewpoints, so the balances carry opposite signs.

Question 30Financial Accounting

Which of the following items would be classified as a non-current liability in the statement of financial position?

  1. Accrued electricity charges payable next month
  2. Trade payables due to suppliers within 60 days
  3. A dividend declared and payable to shareholders within 30 days
  4. A bank loan repayable in five equal annual instalments beginning in three years Correct answer.

Explanation

A liability is classified as non-current when the entity has an unconditional right to defer settlement for more than twelve months after the reporting date. A loan whose first instalment falls due after three years meets that condition for the full amount at initial recognition.

Question 31Financial Accounting

An entity's inventory at 31 December has a cost of EGP 120,000. It includes damaged items costing EGP 30,000 that can be sold for EGP 22,000 after incurring selling costs of EGP 2,000. The remaining inventory has a net realizable value of EGP 100,000. At what amount should inventory be measured?

  1. EGP 120,000
  2. EGP 110,000 Correct answer.
  3. EGP 118,000
  4. EGP 100,000

Explanation

Inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, applied item by item. The damaged items are written down to EGP 22,000 − EGP 2,000 = EGP 20,000, while the sound items remain at cost of EGP 90,000, giving EGP 110,000 in total.

Question 32Financial Accounting

An entity issues 10,000 ordinary shares with a nominal value of EGP 5 each at an issue price of EGP 8 per share, fully paid in cash. How should this transaction be recorded?

  1. Debit cash EGP 80,000; credit share capital EGP 80,000
  2. Debit cash EGP 50,000; credit share capital EGP 50,000
  3. Debit cash EGP 80,000; credit share capital EGP 50,000 and credit share premium EGP 30,000 Correct answer.
  4. Debit cash EGP 80,000; credit share capital EGP 50,000 and credit retained earnings EGP 30,000

Explanation

Share capital is credited only with the nominal value of the shares issued, which is 10,000 × EGP 5 = EGP 50,000. The excess of the issue price over nominal value, EGP 30,000, is credited to share premium, and cash received equals 10,000 × EGP 8 = EGP 80,000.

Question 33Financial Accounting

An entity reports profit before tax of EGP 250,000. The tax rate is 22%, and the only adjustment is a non-deductible fine of EGP 30,000. What is the income tax expense for the year?

  1. EGP 61,600 Correct answer.
  2. EGP 48,400
  3. EGP 55,000
  4. EGP 66,000

Explanation

Taxable profit equals accounting profit plus non-deductible items, so EGP 250,000 + EGP 30,000 = EGP 280,000. Applying the 22% rate gives EGP 61,600, which is the current tax expense because no temporary differences are described.

Question 34Financial Accounting

On 1 January an entity paid EGP 60,000 for a two-year insurance policy covering that date onward. What is the correct presentation in the statement of financial position at 31 December of the same year?

  1. A prepayment of EGP 60,000 presented as a non-current asset
  2. An expense of EGP 30,000 presented as a current liability
  3. A prepayment of EGP 30,000 presented as a current asset Correct answer.
  4. A prepayment of EGP 30,000 presented as a non-current asset

Explanation

One year of cover has expired, so EGP 30,000 is expensed and the remaining EGP 30,000 represents a service to be received within the next twelve months. It is therefore a current asset, because the benefit will be consumed inside the operating cycle.

Question 35Financial Accounting

An entity reports net profit of EGP 180,000, depreciation of EGP 40,000, a gain on disposal of equipment of EGP 15,000, and an increase in inventory of EGP 25,000. Using the indirect method, what is the net cash flow from operating activities?

  1. EGP 230,000
  2. EGP 210,000
  3. EGP 150,000
  4. EGP 180,000 Correct answer.

Explanation

Starting from profit, depreciation is added back, the non-operating gain is deducted, and the increase in inventory is deducted as cash absorbed by working capital. This gives 180,000 + 40,000 − 15,000 − 25,000 = EGP 180,000.

Question 36Financial Accounting

An entity holds a portfolio of equity investments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. At year end the fair value exceeds carrying amount by EGP 50,000, and a previously recognized cumulative loss of EGP 20,000 remains in equity. Which treatment is correct?

  1. Recognize EGP 30,000 in other comprehensive income and reverse EGP 20,000 of the prior loss through profit or loss
  2. Recognize EGP 50,000 in profit or loss because fair value gains are always realized gains
  3. Recognize the full EGP 50,000 in other comprehensive income without recycling any amount to profit or loss Correct answer.
  4. Recognize the EGP 50,000 directly in retained earnings as a prior period adjustment

Explanation

For equity instruments designated at fair value through other comprehensive income, all fair value movements, including reversals of previous losses, are recognized in other comprehensive income and are never recycled to profit or loss. The cumulative loss already sitting in equity is simply reversed within equity.

Question 37Auditing and Assurance

بموجب معايير المراجعة المصرية، ما الهدف الأساسي من الحصول على فهم لنظام الرقابة الداخلية للعميل في مراجعة القوائم المالية؟

  1. الاستغناء عن الإجراءات الجوهرية عند وجود نظام رقابة قوي
  2. تحديد إجراءات المراجعة الإضافية اللازمة لتقييم مخاطر الأخطاء الجوهرية على مستوى التأكيدات Correct answer.
  3. ضمان عدم وجود غش إداري داخل المنشأة
  4. إصدار رأي إيجابي حول فعالية الرقابة الداخلية في كل مراجعة

Explanation

يهدف فهم نظام الرقابة الداخلية إلى تقييم مخاطر الأخطاء الجوهرية وتصميم إجراءات مراجعة إضافية مناسبة على مستوى التأكيدات. والفهم لا يعني إصدار رأي على فعالية الرقابة إلا في ارتباطات خاصة، ولا يغني عن الإجراءات الجوهرية.

Question 38Auditing and Assurance

أي من الإجراءات التالية يعد إجراءً جوهرياً في المراجعة وليس إجراءً لاختبار الضوابط؟

  1. إعادة تنفيذ تسوية البنك للتحقق من إعدادها
  2. مطابقة الأرصدة مع المصارف الخارجية Correct answer.
  3. ملاحظة فصل المهام في دورة المبيعات
  4. فحص توقيعات الاعتماد على أوامر الشراء

Explanation

المصادقات البنكية إجراء جوهري يهدف إلى الحصول على أدلة على صحة الرصيد نفسه لا على تشغيل الضابط. أما فحص التوقيعات والملاحظة وإعادة التنفيذ فهي إجراءات لاختبار فعالية الضوابط.

Question 39Auditing and Assurance

ما المقصود بمصطلح "الأهمية النسبية" عند تخطيط مراجعة القوائم المالية؟

  1. الحد الأدنى للخطأ الذي يستوجب إصدار رأي متحفظ
  2. المستوى الذي قد تؤثر عنده التحريفات أو مجموعها على القرارات الاقتصادية للمستخدمين Correct answer.
  3. القيمة الإجمالية للأصول المتداولة في الميزانية
  4. المبلغ الذي يبدأ عنده المراجع في اختبار جميع القيود

Explanation

الأهمية النسبية تعني أن التحريفات الفردية أو المجتمعة قد تؤثر على القرارات الاقتصادية للمستخدمين. ويستخدم المراجع هذا المعيار لتحديد طبيعة وتوقيت ومدى الإجراءات وتقييم أثر التحريفات.

Question 40Auditing and Assurance

أي مما يلي يعتبر تأكيداً صريحاً من إدارة العميل في خطاب الإقرار المطلوب قبل إصدار تقرير المراجعة؟

  1. أن جميع القيود المحاسبية قد روجعت من قبل المراجع
  2. أن الإدارة اعترفت بمسؤوليتها عن إعداد القوائم المالية Correct answer.
  3. أن المراجع قد أكمل جميع إجراءاته دون قيود
  4. أن النظام المحاسبي لا يحتوي على أخطاء

Explanation

يتضمن خطاب الإقرار عادة اعتراف الإدارة بمسؤوليتها عن إعداد القوائم المالية وعن نظام الرقابة الداخلية. أما الإقرارات المتعلقة بعمل المراجع نفسه فلا تصدر عن الإدارة.

Question 41Auditing and Assurance

ما الغرض الأساسي من إجراء المصادقة على أرصدة العملاء المدينين؟

  1. اختبار فعالية ضوابط الاعتماد على الفواتير
  2. الحصول على دليل من مصدر خارجي على وجود الأرصدة وحقوق المنشأة فيها Correct answer.
  3. تأكيد صحة تقييم المخزون في نهاية الفترة
  4. التحقق من اكتمال تسجيل المصروفات المستحقة

Explanation

تعد المصادقات أحد إجراءات الحصول على أدلة من مصدر خارجي مستقل عن المنشأة، وهي تقدم دليلاً على وجود الأرصدة وحقوق المنشأة فيها. ولا تتعلق المصادقات بالعملاء المدينين بتقييم المخزون أو المصروفات المستحقة.

Question 42Auditing and Assurance

عندما يتعذر على المراجع حضور الجرد الفعلي للمخزون بسبب ظروف خارجة عن إرادته، فإن الإجراء البديل المناسب هو:

  1. استبعاد المخزون من نطاق المراجعة
  2. الاعتماد على تقديرات الإدارة دون فحص
  3. إجراء جرد لاحق في تاريخ آخر ومطابقة حركات المخزون بين التاريخين Correct answer.
  4. إصدار رأي غير متحفظ دون أي إجراء إضافي

Explanation

عند تعذر حضور الجرد في تاريخه يمكن للمراجع إجراء جرد في تاريخ بديل ومطابقة حركات المخزون بين التاريخين للتحقق من الرصيد. وإذا تعذر الحصول على دليل كافٍ ومناسب فإنه يعدل رأيه أو يمتنع عنه.

Question 43Auditing and Assurance

ما نوع الرأي الذي يصدره المراجع عندما تكون القوائم المالية محرفة تحريفاً جوهرياً ولا يعكس العرض صورة عادلة؟

  1. امتناع عن إبداء الرأي
  2. رأي متحفظ
  3. رأي معاكس Correct answer.
  4. رأي غير متحفظ

Explanation

الرأي المعاكس يصدر عندما تكون التحريفات جوهرية ومنتشرة بحيث لا تعكس القوائم المالية صورة عادلة. أما التحريفات الجوهرية غير المنتشرة فتقود عادة إلى رأي متحفظ.

Question 44Auditing and Assurance

أي مما يلي يعتبر من مؤشرات خطر الغش في دورة الإيرادات التي يجب أن يوجه المراجع انتباهاً خاصاً إليها؟

  1. ثبات هامش الربح الإجمالي بين السنوات
  2. انتظام تسديد العملاء لالتزاماتهم في مواعيدها
  3. تطبيق سياسة إهلاك منتظمة للأصول الثابتة
  4. ارتفاع غير مبرر في الإيرادات في نهاية الفترة مع زيادة ملحوظة في الذمم المدينة Correct answer.

Explanation

الارتفاع غير المبرر في الإيرادات قرب نهاية الفترة مع نمو الذمم المدينة قد يشير إلى تسجيل إيرادات غير حقيقية أو إلى قطع فترة خاطئ. ويستدعي ذلك إجراءات إضافية مثل اختبار القيود وفحص ما بعد تاريخ الميزانية.

Question 45Auditing and Assurance

يستخدم المراجع أسلوب المعاينة الإحصائية في اختبار الضوابط بهدف:

  1. استبدال الإجراءات الجوهرية بالكامل
  2. إثبات عدم وجود أي انحراف في المجتمع
  3. تحديد حجم عينة يمكن من خلاله استنتاج معدل الانحراف في المجتمع بدرجة ثقة محددة Correct answer.
  4. تحديد الأهمية النسبية للمراجعة

Explanation

تتيح المعاينة الإحصائية استنتاج خصائص المجتمع من العينة بدرجة ثقة قابلة للقياس، وهو ما يساعد في تقييم معدل الانحراف. وهي لا تثبت انعدام الانحراف ولا تحل محل الإجراءات الجوهرية.

Question 46Auditing and Assurance

عند تقييم مخاطر المراجعة، ماذا يعني أن المخاطر الكامنة مرتفعة في حساب معين؟

  1. أن الضوابط الداخلية المتعلقة بهذا الحساب غير فعالة
  2. أن المراجع قد اكتشف تحريفاً فعلياً في هذا الحساب
  3. أن الحساب لا يحتاج إلى أي إجراءات مراجعة إضافية
  4. أن الحساب عرضة للتحريف قبل النظر في فعالية الضوابط الداخلية Correct answer.

Explanation

المخاطر الكامنة تعبر عن قابلية التأكيد للتحريف قبل النظر في الضوابط الداخلية، بسبب طبيعة الحساب أو ظروف المنشأة. وارتفاعها يستدعي عادة زيادة الإجراءات الجوهرية لا تخفيضها.

Question 47Auditing and Assurance

أي من الإجراءات التالية يعد الأكثر ملاءمة للحصول على دليل على اكتمال الالتزامات المحتملة غير المسجلة؟

  1. إرسال استفسارات إلى المحامين وتأكيدات الإدارة وفحص المراسلات مع المستشارين القانونيين Correct answer.
  2. مطابقة أرصدة الموردين مع كشوف حساباتهم
  3. فحص فواتير البيع الصادرة بعد نهاية السنة
  4. جرد الأصول الثابتة في تاريخ الميزانية

Explanation

البحث عن التزامات محتملة غير مسجلة يتطلب استفسارات من المحامين وإقرارات الإدارة وفحص المراسلات ذات الصلة. أما مطابقة الموردين والبيع والجرد فتتعلق بحسابات أخرى ولا تكشف الالتزامات المحتملة.

Question 48Auditing and Assurance

ما الأثر المباشر لزيادة مستوى الثقة المطلوبة على حجم العينة في اختبار تفاصيل حساب معين؟

  1. يزيد حجم العينة لأن الحاجة إلى دليل أكثر إقناعاً تزداد Correct answer.
  2. لا يتأثر حجم العينة بمستوى الثقة
  3. ينخفض حجم العينة لأن الثقة الأعلى تعني مخاطرة أقل
  4. يتوقف حجم العينة على الأهمية النسبية فقط دون الثقة

Explanation

كلما ارتفع مستوى الثقة المطلوب زادت الحاجة إلى دليل أكثر إقناعاً ومن ثم يزيد حجم العينة عند ثبات العوامل الأخرى. ويؤثر كل من مستوى الثقة والأهمية النسبية في تحديد حجم العينة.

Question 49Auditing and Assurance

ما الهدف من إجراءات المراجعة التحليلية في مرحلة المراجعة النهائية؟

  1. تقييم معقولية الأرصدة والعلاقات المالية والكشف عن تحريفات محتملة Correct answer.
  2. اختبار صحة أرصدة المخزون بجرد فعلي
  3. إعداد القوائم المالية نيابة عن الإدارة
  4. تأكيد وجود الضوابط الرقابية وتشغيلها

Explanation

تقوم الإجراءات التحليلية على دراسة العلاقات بين البيانات المالية وغير المالية لتقييم معقولية الأرصدة والكشف عن علاقات غير متوقعة تستدعي تحقيقاً. وهي لا تغني عن الجرد أو اختبار الضوابط ولا تنقل مسؤولية إعداد القوائم للإدارة.

Question 50Auditing and Assurance

عند وجود شك في استمرارية المنشأة، ما الإجراء الذي يجب أن يقوم به المراجع قبل إصدار تقريره؟

  1. الامتناع عن إبداء الرأي دون أي إجراء إضافي
  2. إصدار رأي معاكس تلقائياً بسبب الشك
  3. تقييم خطط الإدارة للتخفيف من الأثر ومدى كفاية الإفصاح في القوائم المالية Correct answer.
  4. تجاهل المؤشرات ما دامت القوائم قد أعدت على أساس الاستمرارية

Explanation

عند وجود مؤشرات على مشكلة استمرارية يجب على المراجع تقييم خطط الإدارة ومدى كفاية الإفصاح، ثم تحديد ما إذا كان هناك عدم يقين جوهري يستوجب فقرة توضيحية أو تعديل الرأي. ولا يصدر رأياً معاكساً أو يمتنع تلقائياً لمجرد الشك.