Egyptian Board Nephrology - independent subject foundations cheat sheet

Begin with the filtration barrier and its supporting circulation.

Follow filtered substances along the nephron.

The thick ascending limb uses the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter and helps establish medullary concentrating capacity.

Water conservation depends on the medullary gradient, collecting-duct water permeability and adequate delivery of filtrate.

Start with the clinical threat before completing a detailed acid-base classification.

For an acid-base exercise, identify the primary change in pH and bicarbonate or carbon dioxide, then assess expected compensation.

Normal-gap acidosis can arise from gastrointestinal bicarbonate loss or impaired renal acid handling.

Hyponatremia interpretation requires serum tonicity, symptoms, timing and volume assessment.

Distinguish a clinical syndrome from a biopsy pattern and from its cause.

Read renal pathology across light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy.

Immune-deposit location helps connect morphology to mechanisms.

Lupus nephritis classification integrates the extent and character of lesions.

Acute kidney injury is a change over time, so establish a credible baseline and the timing of both creatinine and urine-output changes.

Urinalysis and microscopy can localize an injury.

Chronic kidney disease requires evidence of persistent structural or functional abnormality, generally over at least three months.

Protective treatment is tailored to the underlying disease and tolerability.

The decision to initiate kidney replacement therapy integrates symptoms, refractory biochemical disturbances, volume status, trajectory and patient goals.

Distinguish diffusion from convection.

Assess instability during treatment systematically.

Transplantation introduces immunologic, infectious and pharmacologic risks.