PAU History (Catalonia) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Cahiers de doléances

Grievance notebooks drawn up by each estate for the 1789 Estates-General, listing complaints about taxes, seigneurial dues and privileges; they reveal the breadth of pre-revolutionary discontent.

Levee en masse

The August 1793 decree conscripting all unmarried men and mobilising the whole population for the revolutionary war; it created the first national mass army and total-war mobilisation.

Continental System

Napoleon's 1806 blockade of British trade with Europe, enforced through the Berlin and Milan decrees; it failed to break Britain and strained Napoleon's allies.

Congress of Vienna

The 1814-15 settlement led by Metternich that restored monarchies, redrew European borders and created buffer states around France; it underpinned the Restoration order until 1848.

Cádiz Constitution 1812

Spain's first liberal constitution, drafted during the War of Independence; it proclaimed national sovereignty, a single chamber and universal male suffrage, and became a reference for later liberalism.

Desamortización de Mendizábal

The 1836-37 sale of church lands to finance the liberal state and create a loyal propertied class; it transferred land to wealthy buyers and worsened conditions for rural labourers.

Carlism

A Spanish legitimist and traditionalist movement supporting Don Carlos and later claimants; it defended Catholic order, fueros and local autonomy against liberal centralism in three civil wars.

Glorious Revolution 1868

The September 1868 military and popular rising that expelled Isabella II and opened the Sexenio Democrático; it produced the 1869 Constitution with universal male suffrage.

Berlin Conference

The 1884-85 meeting of European powers that set rules for African colonisation, including effective occupation; it formalised the partition of Africa without African representation.

Disaster of 98

Spain's 1898 defeat by the United States and loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines; it triggered regenerationist debate and strengthened peripheral nationalisms.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's pre-1914 strategy to avoid a two-front war by defeating France through Belgium before turning on Russia; its failure at the Marne produced trench stalemate.

Treaty of Versailles 1919

The peace treaty ending the war with Germany; it imposed territorial losses, disarmament, reparations and the war-guilt clause, fuelling German resentment and later revisionism.

New Economic Policy

Lenin's 1921 policy replacing War Communism with a limited market, peasant grain trade and small private enterprise; it stabilised the economy before Stalin ended it in 1928.

Enabling Act 1933

The German law allowing Hitler's government to legislate without the Reichstag; passed after the Reichstag fire, it provided the legal basis for the Nazi dictatorship.

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

The August 1939 non-aggression treaty between Nazi Germany and the USSR with a secret protocol dividing Eastern Europe; it enabled the German invasion of Poland that began the war.

Truman Doctrine

The 1947 US commitment to contain communism by supporting free peoples under pressure, first applied to Greece and Turkey; it framed the Cold War as a global ideological struggle.

Marshall Plan

The 1948-52 US programme of economic aid to rebuild Western Europe; it encouraged cooperation, stabilised economies and deepened the division between the two blocs.

Bandung Conference

The 1955 meeting of Asian and African states in Indonesia that condemned colonialism and endorsed non-alignment; it preceded the 1961 Non-Aligned Movement.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The October 1962 confrontation over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba; a naval quarantine and secret negotiations led to withdrawal and a hotline, marking the Cold War's closest approach to nuclear war.

Glasnost and perestroika

Gorbachev's 1985-91 reforms of openness and economic restructuring; they loosened censorship and central planning but accelerated the collapse of Soviet authority and the USSR itself.

Turno pacifico

The Restoration practice of alternating Conservative and Liberal governments through rigged elections and cacique networks; it maintained stability but excluded genuine political competition.

Primo de Rivera dictatorship

The 1923-30 Spanish military regime that suspended the constitution, banned parties and pursued corporatist and public-works policies; it collapsed in January 1930 amid economic and political crisis.

Law of Political Responsibilities

The 1939 Francoist law that retroactively punished supporters of the Republic with confiscation, imprisonment and disqualification; it institutionalised post-war repression.

Pact of San Sebastian

The August 1930 agreement of republican and regionalist parties to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic; it shaped the provisional government of April 1931.

Political Reform Law 1977

Adolfo Suárez's law approved by the Francoist Cortes that introduced universal suffrage and paved the way for the June 1977 elections and the 1978 Constitution.

Bases de Manresa

The 1892 programme of Catalanist demands for autonomy, official Catalan language and local self-government; it is a founding document of political Catalanism.

Mancomunitat de Catalunya

The 1914-25 federation of Catalan provincial councils, the first common Catalan administrative body; it promoted schools, libraries and infrastructure before Primo de Rivera abolished it.

Setmana Tragica 1909

The July 1909 Barcelona uprising against colonial conscription, suppressed by the army; it exposed social tensions and led to the execution of Francesc Ferrer i Guardia.

Estatut de Nuria 1932

The Statute of Autonomy approved by referendum in 1931 and by the Cortes in 1932; it created the Generalitat with a Catalan parliament, government and shared competences.

Assemblea de Catalunya

The 1971 clandestine coalition of parties, unions and groups demanding democratic liberties, amnesty and Catalan self-government; it coordinated anti-Francoist opposition.

La Canadiense strike 1919

A Barcelona general strike in the Canadiense power company that won the eight-hour working day in Spain; it marked the peak of Catalan anarcho-syndicalist strength.

Fets del Sis d'Octubre

The October 1934 proclamation of a Catalan State by Companys against the incoming right-wing government; its failure led to suspension of the 1932 Statute and arrests.