Madrid PAU Music & Dance flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Order of sharps
- The sequence of sharps in key signatures is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. The last sharp added is the leading tone of the major key, one semitone below the tonic.
- Order of flats
- The sequence of flats in key signatures is B, E, A, D, G, C, F. The second-to-last flat names the major key; for example, two flats give B-flat major.
- Perfect authentic cadence
- A cadence from V to I with both chords in root position and the tonic in the soprano of the final chord. It is the strongest closing gesture in tonal music.
- Figured bass 6/4
- The 6/4 figure indicates a second-inversion triad, with the fifth of the chord in the bass. It often functions as a cadential or passing six-four chord.
- Harmonic minor scale
- A minor scale with the seventh degree raised by a semitone, creating a leading tone a semitone below the tonic. It is used to strengthen dominant harmony in minor keys.
- Sonata form
- A large-scale form with an exposition presenting two contrasting themes, a development section that transforms them, and a recapitulation returning to the tonic key.
- Basso continuo
- A Baroque accompaniment of a keyboard instrument and a bass melodic instrument reading a figured bass line, supplying harmony and rhythmic drive beneath the texture.
- Zarzuela
- A Spanish lyric theatre genre alternating spoken dialogue with songs, choruses, and orchestral music. It arose in the seventeenth century and was revived in the nineteenth.
- Manuel de Falla
- A Spanish composer (1876–1946) who fused Andalusian cante jondo with impressionism and neoclassicism in works such as El amor brujo and El sombrero de tres picos.
- Twelve-tone technique
- A method developed by Schoenberg that orders all twelve pitch classes in a row, which can be transposed, inverted, retrograded, and combined to generate a composition.
- Interval anchor P4
- An ascending perfect fourth can be recognised by the opening leap of the Wedding March. It spans five semitones and is a consonant perfect interval.
- Interval anchor tritone
- An ascending tritone can be recognised from the opening phrase of 'Maria' in West Side Story. It spans six semitones and is dissonant and unstable.
- Homophonic texture
- A texture in which a melody is supported by chordal accompaniment moving largely in the same rhythm. It contrasts with polyphony, where independent lines move simultaneously.
- Flamenco compás
- The repeating rhythmic cycle of a flamenco palo. Soleá and alegrías use a twelve-beat cycle with accents shifting across beats three, six, eight, ten, and twelve.
- Instrument timbre oboe
- The oboe has a nasal, reedy, penetrating timbre produced by a double reed. It is often used for plaintive melodies and tuning the orchestra.
- Laban effort factors
- Rudolf Laban described movement quality through four factors: weight (strong or light), time (sustained or sudden), space (direct or indirect), and flow (bound or free).
- Kinesphere
- The personal space a dancer can reach without moving the feet, forming a bubble around the body. It is central to Laban's space harmony analysis.
- Turnout origin
- Turnout is the external rotation of the legs at the hip joint. It must originate at the hip, not the knees or feet, to avoid joint injury.
- Contraction and release
- A Graham technique principle in which the torso contracts, often on an exhalation, and then releases. It drives the expressive dynamic of much modern dance.
- Benesh Movement Notation
- A dance notation system using a five-line staff read from the dancer's viewpoint, recording body positions, movement paths, and timing for reconstruction.
- Giselle
- A Romantic ballet premiered in 1841 with music by Adolphe Adam. Its second act, with the Wilis, established the ballet blanc and the supernatural ballerina tradition.
- Ballets Russes
- A company founded by Diaghilev (1909–1929) that collaborated with Nijinsky, Stravinsky, and Balanchine and transformed early twentieth-century ballet.
- The Rite of Spring
- A 1913 ballet with music by Stravinsky and choreography by Nijinsky. Its irregular accents and shifting metre provoked a famous riot at its premiere.
- Escuela bolera
- A Spanish classical dance style of the eighteenth century using castanets, bolero steps, and courtly elegance. It influenced later Spanish classical and flamenco dance.
- Petipa and Ivanov
- The Russian imperial choreographers who created Sleeping Beauty (1890), The Nutcracker (1892), and Swan Lake (1895), codifying the classical ballet repertoire.
- Teatro Real
- Madrid's principal opera house, inaugurated in 1850, closed in 1925, and reopened in 1997. It stages opera, zarzuela, and dance seasons.
- Teatro de la Zarzuela
- A Madrid theatre opened in 1856 dedicated to the Spanish lyric repertoire, including género chico works and modern zarzuela revivals.
- Ballet Nacional de España
- Spain's national dance company, founded in 1978, performing Spanish classical, folk, and flamenco-based works. Antonio Gades directed it in the late 1970s.
- Suma Flamenca
- Madrid's annual flamenco festival, held since 2006, presenting cante, toque, and baile across city venues and tablaos.
- Género chico
- A one-act Spanish lyric theatre genre that flourished in late nineteenth-century Madrid, exemplified by La Gran Vía (1886) and staged at the Teatro de la Zarzuela.
- Jota
- A lively Spanish folk dance in triple metre from Aragón and Castilla, accompanied by guitars, bandurria, and castanets, with couples hopping and turning.
- Iberia by Albéniz
- A twelve-piece piano suite by Isaac Albéniz evoking Andalusian places and rhythms. It is a landmark of Spanish musical nationalism and is often orchestrated.