Escrow Officer study materials
Escrow Officer study resources

Escrow Officer key terms

Escrow Officer · Get comfortable with the vocabulary.

Loan principal

The amount owed or advanced under the relevant loan arrangement, distinguished from interest, fees and the total payments over its life.

Interest rate

The rate applied under the contract to the relevant balance and period, distinguished from a broader measure of financing cost.

Annual percentage rate

A disclosure measure of annualized credit cost under the applicable calculation, which is not necessarily identical to the note interest rate.

Loan-to-value ratio

The ratio of the defined loan amount to the relevant property-value basis, requiring the actual underwriting or exercise definition.

Debt-to-income ratio

A comparison of included debt obligations with the specified income basis, whose components must be identified before interpreting the percentage.

Adjustable-rate mortgage

A mortgage with an interest rate that can change under specified index, margin, timing and cap conditions, rather than at an arbitrary lender preference.

Rate cap

A contractual restriction on a defined interest-rate change or level, whose initial, periodic and lifetime effects can differ.

Loan estimate

An estimate disclosure for applicable mortgage transactions, used to understand and compare terms rather than proof that final settlement has occurred.

Closing disclosure

A final mortgage disclosure for applicable transactions, whose terms and amounts should be compared with the actual agreement and prior information.

Promissory note

An instrument recording the relevant repayment promise and terms, distinguished from the security instrument and from proof of property ownership.

Security instrument

An instrument creating or documenting security for an obligation under the applicable framework, whose legal form and enforcement depend on jurisdiction.

Cash to close

The amount the relevant party needs at settlement under the actual calculation, distinguished from the total loan amount or purchase price.

Mortgage escrow account

An account arrangement for specified continuing property charges under its conditions, distinct from every settlement officer holding account.

Settlement instructions

Authorized directions governing relevant closing actions or transfers, whose content and changes require appropriate verification and legal compliance.

Payoff statement

Information stating the amount and conditions needed to discharge a specified obligation at a relevant date, rather than the original principal alone.

Proration

Allocation of a stated amount across parties or periods under the applicable agreement and calculation convention, requiring a clear date and basis.

Reconciliation

Comparison and explanation of differences among related records, followed by supported corrections rather than an unidentified balancing entry.

Disbursement

A transfer of funds under the relevant authority and conditions, which is not automatically permitted merely because an account balance is positive.

Wire-instruction verification

Independent authentication of relevant payment details and changes through the authorized process, rather than trusting an email display name alone.

Audit trail

An attributable record linking actions, instructions, transactions and corrections with their supporting evidence, enabling later review of what occurred.