EBN flashcards
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- PICO question format
- A structured clinical question naming the Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome; it improves search precision and supports evidence-based decisions in nutrition practice.
- Sensitivity versus specificity
- Sensitivity detects true positives and rules out disease when negative; specificity detects true negatives and rules in disease when positive. Both are independent of prevalence.
- Number needed to treat
- The number of patients who must receive an intervention for one additional beneficial outcome; calculated as 1 divided by the absolute risk reduction.
- GRADE certainty ratings
- A system rating evidence certainty as high, moderate, low, or very low, downgraded for risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias.
- Atwater energy factors
- Energy values used to calculate intake: carbohydrate and protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g, and dietary fiber approximately 2 kcal/g.
- Glycemic load formula
- Glycemic load equals glycemic index multiplied by grams of carbohydrate divided by 100; it accounts for both carbohydrate quality and quantity consumed.
- Essential fatty acids
- Linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained from dietary sources.
- Protein complementation
- Combining plant foods with complementary limiting amino acids, such as legumes low in methionine with cereals low in lysine, to improve overall protein quality.
- Vitamin D status marker
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is the accepted indicator of vitamin D status; the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is not a reliable status measure.
- PES diagnosis statement
- A nutrition diagnosis formatted as Problem related to Etiology as evidenced by Signs and Symptoms, linking the identified problem to its cause and supporting data.
- Percent weight change formula
- Percent weight change equals usual weight minus current weight, divided by usual weight, multiplied by 100; over 10% in six months is clinically significant.
- Albumin and inflammation
- Albumin and prealbumin are negative acute-phase reactants that fall with inflammation, so they do not reliably reflect nutritional status during illness.
- Mifflin-St Jeor equation
- Estimates resting energy expenditure as 10 times weight in kg plus 6.25 times height in cm minus 5 times age, plus 5 for men or minus 161 for women.
- Nutrition screening versus assessment
- Screening uses brief validated tools to identify risk and trigger referral; assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of intake, anthropometrics, biochemical data, and clinical findings.
- Refeeding syndrome risk criteria
- Risk includes low body mass index, unintentional weight loss over 15%, minimal intake exceeding ten days, and low potassium, phosphate, or magnesium; start feeding low and advance slowly.
- IDDSI texture levels
- An international framework classifying foods into eight levels from liquidized to regular and drinks into four thickness levels for managing dysphagia.
- Carbohydrate choice equivalence
- One carbohydrate choice equals 15 grams of carbohydrate; counting choices supports consistent intake and insulin-to-carbohydrate dosing in diabetes management.
- Motivational interviewing OARS
- Core counseling skills of open questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries that support client autonomy and build intrinsic motivation for behavior change.
- Enteral feeding aspiration precautions
- Elevating the head of the bed 30 to 45 degrees, checking residual volume per protocol, and considering post-pyloric access reduce aspiration risk during tube feeding.
- Nitrogen balance equation
- Nitrogen balance equals nitrogen intake minus urinary urea nitrogen plus four grams; positive balance suggests anabolism and negative balance suggests catabolism or inadequate intake.
- Estimated average glucose
- A value derived from hemoglobin A1c using the formula 28.7 times A1c minus 46.7, expressing average glycemia in the same units as daily glucose monitoring.
- Energy adequacy percentage
- Actual energy intake divided by estimated energy needs multiplied by 100; sustained intake below 75% of needs signals a need to revise the intervention.
- Process versus outcome measures
- Process measures capture whether care was delivered, such as visits completed; outcome measures capture results, such as glycemic or lipid changes and quality of life.
- Diabetes Prevention Program findings
- Intensive lifestyle intervention targeting 7% weight loss and 150 minutes weekly of moderate activity reduced progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes by 58%.
- DASH eating pattern targets
- Daily servings of 4 to 5 fruits and vegetables, 6 to 8 grains, 2 to 3 dairy, and limited sodium, saturated fat, and sweets to lower blood pressure.
- CKD protein prescription
- Non-dialyzed chronic kidney disease typically uses 0.6 to 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram daily, with individualized sodium, potassium, and phosphorus limits.
- Weight loss and blood pressure
- Each kilogram of weight loss is associated with approximately a 1 mmHg reduction in blood pressure in adults with overweight or obesity.
- Cancer cachexia nutrition support
- Energy needs often 25 to 30 kcal/kg and protein 1.0 to 1.5 g/kg, with early screening and reassessment because unintentional weight loss worsens outcomes.
- Four bioethical principles
- Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice guide ethical decisions, including conflicts about artificial nutrition and hydration near the end of life.
- Informed consent elements
- Valid consent requires decision-making capacity, disclosure of risks and alternatives, comprehension of the information, and voluntary choice without coercion.
- Teach-back communication method
- Asking the client to explain the plan in their own words confirms understanding and reveals gaps, supporting health literacy and shared decision-making.
- Conflict of interest disclosure
- Clinicians must disclose financial or personal interests that could bias recommendations and recuse themselves when the conflict cannot be managed.