Florida Biology EOC flashcards
Florida Biology EOC · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Cell theory
- Three principles: all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Prokaryote vs. eukaryote
- Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles and include bacteria and archaea; eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles.
- Enzyme
- A protein catalyst that lowers activation energy by binding a specific substrate at its active site; it is not consumed and is denatured by extreme heat or pH.
- Mitochondrion
- The organelle where cellular respiration produces ATP from glucose and oxygen; it is called the powerhouse and has its own DNA.
- Chloroplast
- The plant organelle that carries out photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll that captures light energy to build glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
- Ribosome
- The structure that synthesizes proteins by translating mRNA into amino acid chains; it is found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
- Osmosis
- The passive diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration, requiring no energy.
- Active transport
- Movement of substances across a membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring ATP and a transport protein.
- Photosynthesis
- The process in chloroplasts converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen, storing energy in chemical bonds.
- Cellular respiration
- The process breaking down glucose with oxygen to release ATP, carbon dioxide, and water; it is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis.
- Mitosis vs. meiosis
- Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells for growth; meiosis produces four genetically varied haploid gametes and includes crossing over.
- Binomial nomenclature
- Two-part scientific naming system using the capitalized genus and lowercase specific epithet, both italicized or underlined, such as Homo sapiens.
- Taxonomic hierarchy
- The classification levels from broadest to most specific: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
- Three domains
- The broadest classification grouping of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, based on cell type and molecular evidence.
- Genotype
- The genetic makeup of an organism, describing the specific alleles it carries for a trait, such as homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive.
- Phenotype
- The observable physical or biochemical traits of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
- Dominant allele
- An allele that is expressed in the phenotype even when only one copy is present, masking the recessive allele in a heterozygote.
- Punnett square
- A grid used to predict possible offspring genotypes and their probabilities from the known genotypes of two parents.
- Incomplete dominance
- A pattern where the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of both homozygous phenotypes, such as red and white flowers producing pink offspring.
- Codominance
- A pattern where both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, such as AB blood type showing both A and B antigens.
- Sex-linked trait
- A trait whose gene is located on a sex chromosome, usually the X chromosome; these traits appear more frequently in males.
- Natural selection
- The mechanism of evolution where individuals with heritable traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more, increasing those traits in the population.
- Homologous structures
- Body parts in different species with similar structure but possibly different functions, indicating common ancestry, such as human arms and bat wings.
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- A non-evolving population condition requiring no mutation, no gene flow, random mating, large population size, and no natural selection.
- Trophic level
- A feeding position in a food chain, starting with producers, then primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers; only about 10% of energy transfers between levels.
- Carrying capacity
- The maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely given available resources, producing a logistic S-shaped growth curve.
- Mutualism
- A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit, such as bees pollinating flowers while obtaining nectar.
- Parasitism
- A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed, such as a tick feeding on a dog.
- Keystone species
- A species whose removal causes major changes to the ecosystem structure, often because it controls populations of other species.
- Primary succession
- Ecological succession that begins on bare rock or newly formed land with no existing soil, starting with pioneer species such as lichens.
- Carbon cycle
- The movement of carbon among atmosphere, organisms, and soil through photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion of fossil fuels.
- Nitrogen fixation
- The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into usable ammonia by bacteria, often in root nodules, making nitrogen available to living things.