FTCE PE K-12 (063) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Cephalocaudal development

Motor development proceeds from head to toe: infants gain head and trunk control before leg control. Proximodistal development proceeds from the center of the body outward to the extremities.

Fundamental motor skills

Locomotor skills (run, hop, skip, gallop, slide, jump, leap), stability skills (balance, bend, twist, turn), and manipulative skills (throw, catch, kick, strike, dribble). These are the building blocks for sport and lifetime activity.

Fitts and Posner stages

Three stages of motor learning: cognitive (many errors, needs demonstration), associative (refining, fewer errors), and autonomous (automatic, attention freed for strategy and tactics).

Open versus closed skills

Closed skills occur in a predictable, stable environment (free throw, golf swing). Open skills occur in an unpredictable, changing environment (tennis return, defensive slide).

Knowledge of results

Extrinsic feedback about the outcome of a movement (e.g., whether the ball went in). It differs from knowledge of performance, which describes movement quality such as body alignment.

Third-class lever

A lever in which the applied force lies between the axis and the load, as in a biceps curl. It is the most common lever class in the human body and favors speed and range of motion.

Eccentric contraction

A muscle action in which the muscle lengthens while producing tension, such as lowering a weight slowly. Concentric actions shorten the muscle; isometric actions hold length constant.

Impulse and momentum

Impulse equals force multiplied by time and equals the change in momentum. Momentum equals mass times velocity; increasing contact time or force increases the change in velocity.

Optimal projection angle

In a vacuum, projectile range is maximized near a 45-degree release angle. Greater release height or air resistance lowers the optimal angle below 45 degrees.

Summation of forces

Sequential proximal-to-distal segmental sequencing, as in throwing and striking, transfers momentum from large body segments to the endpoint and maximizes implement or hand velocity.

Health-related fitness components

Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Skill-related components include speed, agility, balance, coordination, power, and reaction time.

FITT principle

Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type of exercise. It structures workout prescription and is applied to each fitness component with appropriate thresholds for health benefit.

Target heart rate

Estimated maximum heart rate is about 220 minus age. Moderate intensity is roughly 50 to 70 percent of maximum; vigorous intensity is roughly 70 to 85 percent.

ATP-PC system

The phosphagen system fuels maximal efforts lasting up to about 10 seconds. The anaerobic lactic system covers about 30 seconds to 2 minutes, and the aerobic system fuels longer activity.

Movement concepts framework

Four concept categories: space awareness (personal and general space, pathways, levels, directions), effort (time, force, flow), relationships, and body awareness (shapes, parts, actions).

Skill theme progression

Learners move through precontrol, control, utilization, and proficiency levels. Tasks should be matched to the learner's current level to keep practice challenging but achievable.

Rhythmic elements

Beat is the steady pulse, tempo is its speed, and meter groups beats into measures such as 2/4, 3/4, or 4/4. Locomotor patterns are combined with rhythm in dance.

Teaching games for understanding

A tactical games model in which modified small-sided games and teacher questioning develop game understanding and decision making before isolated skill drills.

Sport education model

A curriculum model with seasons, team affiliation, formal competition, a culminating event, record keeping, and festivity. Students serve in roles such as player, coach, referee, and statistician.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment during instruction, such as observation checklists, exit tickets, and peer feedback, used to adjust teaching. Summative assessment evaluates learning at the end of a unit.

Negligence elements

A negligence claim requires duty, breach of duty, proximate cause, and injury or damages. Supervision, safe equipment, and proper instruction are core duties of physical educators.

Concussion protocol

Any student with a suspected concussion is removed from play immediately and may not return the same day. Written medical clearance is required before return to activity.

In loco parentis

A legal doctrine under which school personnel act in place of the parent and owe students a duty of care, including reasonable supervision and safe instruction.

Piaget concrete operational stage

Ages roughly 7 to 11, when children understand rules and can participate in rule-based games. Formal operational thinking, from about age 11, enables strategy and abstract tactics.

Self-determination theory

Motivation is supported by satisfying competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Physical education that offers choice, success, and belonging increases intrinsic motivation for activity.

Blocked versus random practice

Blocked practice repeats one skill and aids early acquisition. Random or interleaved practice mixes skills and improves retention and transfer, though performance may look worse during practice.

External focus of attention

Directing attention to the effect of a movement (the target or implement) rather than to body mechanics generally improves performance and learning compared with an internal focus.

Transfer of learning

Positive transfer occurs when a previously learned skill helps a new one. Negative transfer occurs when a prior pattern interferes. Transfer tests help distinguish learning from temporary performance.

Adult physical activity guidelines

Adults need 150 to 300 minutes of moderate or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity weekly, plus muscle-strengthening activity on at least two days per week.

Adapted physical education

Specially designed physical education for students with disabilities, provided through an IEP. Placement ranges from general education with accommodations to a separate setting, based on least restrictive environment.

Universal design for learning

Planning instruction with multiple means of engagement, representation, and action and expression so diverse learners, including students with disabilities, can access the same content.

Title IX of 1972

A federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in education programs that receive federal funds. It applies to physical education and athletics as well as academics.